Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/420

* CAITCXJS. 358 CAITLAINCOTJRT. a party have the will, or the desire, to "bolt' the action of their caucus. CAU'DA-GALO-I GKIT. See Devonian Systkm. CAtTDEBEC - LES - ELBEUP, kAd'bek' 16- ziSriiOf. A town in the Department of Seinc- liifi riciiic, Frmicc, on the kit Imnk of the Seine, opposite the town of Elbeuf anil 12 miles soulli of Houen. It has woolen-mills, elolhfactories, and dye-works. Population, in 1901, of town, 9081 ; of commune, 9751. CATJ'DINE FORKS (Lat. Fiirciila- Can- di>ia. Two hifrh. narrow, and wooded mountain gorges near the town of C'audium, in ancient Samnium, on the boundary toward Campania. These gorges are celebrated on account of the defeat here suffered by the Romans in the Second Samnite War (ii.c. 321). Four Koman legions commanded by the two consuls, Titus Velurius and Spurius Postumius, after marching through a narrow pass found themselves locked in a spacious valley, surrounded on all sides by lofty mountains, with no way out save that by which they entered, and another pass on the opposite side. Attempting to defile through the latter, they found it blocked up with trees and stones, and commanded by the Samnites, who had also in the meantime made themselves masters of the other pass. Consequently, the four legions were compelled to encamp in the valley. After some days, famine compelled them to surrender un- conditionally. The Samnite general. Gains Pon- tius, according to old custom, compelled the Ro- mans to pass under the yoke, and then permitted them to march back. This submission was re- garded as too ignominious for Rome, and conse- quently the two consuls and the other command- ers were delivered again info the hands of the Samnites, who. however, refused to have them. CAU'DLE'S CURTAIN LECTURES, :Mrs. A scries of farcical jiapers contributed by Doug- las Jerrold to the London Punch and l)ublislied in 1840. They also form volume third of the author's Collected M'orks, London, 1852. They consist of a series of marital monologues deliv- ered after retiring by a woman of decided views to her meek and sleepy husband. CAUER, kou'er, Emil (1800-07). A German sculptor, born in Dresden. He studied under Ranch in Berlin and under Hallcr in Munich. In 1829 he restored the valuable antiques in the museum in Dresden, and in 1S.'?2 he was appointed drawing-master at the gymnasium of Krcuznach. Here he designed his principal works, "Sickingen," "Ilutten," "Charles V.," "Jlelanchthon," as well as the fairy-tale repre- sentations "Cinderella" and "Little Red Riding Hood." of which thousands of copies were after- wards made. CAUER, Karl (1828-85). A German sculp- tor, son of the preceding. He was born in Bonn, and studied with his father, and after- wards with A. WolIT in Berlin. He is the dis- coverer of the so-called "ivory mass,' used in the reproduction of statiuiry. He designed the tomb of President Garfield, and executed a great num- ber of statues. Among these are : "An Olympian Victor" ( ISSfi), acquired bv Kmporor William I. ; "The Witch" (1874. National Gallery. Berlin): and "Brunnhild" (1877). CAUGHNAWAGA, ka'ni-wa'g! (Mohawk, at the rapids), or S.ult Saint Louis. A vil- lage in Laprairie County, Quebec, Canada, 10 miles west of ilontreal, on the Saint Lawrence, at the head of the Lachine Rapids (Map: Quebec, 5). It is inhabited exclusively by Catholic Indians, remnants of the once powerful Iroquois, and is the largest Indian settlement north of Mexico. The old French town walls, built in 1721, are almost intact on three sides around the church: the presbytery, dating from 1725, contains the remains of the Mohawk saint, Tehgahkwfta, and the room and desk of P6re Charlevoix, the historian. The village was established in 1070 under Jesuit direction by converts drawn from the Iro- quois confederacy, chietly Mohawks and Oneidas, and prol>ably took its name from the ancient capital of the Mohawk tribe. The Catighnawaga Indians, famous as boatmen and lacrosse-jjlayers, are also enterprising travelers and traders, and in families and small parties journey even to the Pacific Ocean. Population, in 1901," 2.1 10. CAUK, or CAWK (provincial variant of chalh). The massive variety of the mineral barite, so called originally by miners in the Der- byshire lead-mines. See Bakilm. CAUL (OF. cale, a sort of cap, Ir. calla, 0. Gael, call, veil, hood; ultimately connected with Lat. eelare, to hide, Skt. saruiui, refuge). A tliin membrane encompassing the heads of some children when born. It is merely the amniotic membrane (see E.MniiyoLOGY; ..mnion"), which envelops every child before birth and which, on accoimt of unusual strength, or for other reasons, has escaped rupture during the act of delivery. Extraordinary superstitions have been connected with it from very early ages down to the present day. (See Superstitiox.) It was a popular belief that children so born would be very fortunate, and that the caul brought for- tune to those purchasing it. This superstition was so common in the primitive Church that Saint Chrysostom felt it his duty to inveigh against it in many of his homilies. In later times midwives sold the caul to advocates at enormous prices, "as an especial means of mak- ing them eloquent," and to seamen as an infal- lible preservative against drowning. It was also supposed that the health of the person bom with it could be told by the caul which, if firm and crisp, betokened health, btit if relaxed and flaccid, sickness or death. During the Kighteeiith Century it was common to fiiul advertisements in the newspapers of cauls to be sold. Similar advertisements appeared from time to time also during the Nineteenth Century. Consult: Brand, Popular Antiquities (London, 1870) ; Xotes and Querirs, Vol. VU. (London, 1849, et seq.). CAULAINCOURT, ki'h'ix'koor', Armaxd Algistix Lot is T)E, Duke of Vicenza (1773- 1827 ) . A statesman of the first French Em- pire, born at Caulaincourt, in the Department of the Aisne, December 9, 1772. He entered the army at the age of 15, rapidly attained promotion, and as colonel of a regiment of carbineers distin- guished himself in the campaign of 1800. He was made a general of division in 1805. and in 1808 was created Duke of Vicenza. In 1807 he was appointed ambassador to Saint Petersburg, where he soon gained the confidence of the Czar, Alexander I. In 1811, on the eve of the outbreak of hostilities between Russia and France, he resigned his post, as he disapproved of