Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/405

CATTELL. 1891 to 1896 professor of experimental psychology at Columbia University, and in 1896 was appointed professor of psychology in the latter institution. He is a member of many learned societies at home and abroad, and edits Science and The Popular Science Monthly.  CATTELL, (1827-98). An American Presbyterian divine and educator. He was born at Salem, N. J., August 30, 1827; graduated at Princeton College (1848) and at the theological seminary (1852); was professor of Latin and Greek in Lafayette College, Pa., 1855-60, and president from 1863 to 1883. His presidency evinced executive ability of a high order. He was secretary of the Board of Ministerial Relief of the Presbyterian Church from 1883 until his death, in Philadelphia, February 11, 1898.  CATTERMOLE, (1800-68). An English water-color painter, born at Dickleborough, Norfolk. He first exhibited at the Academy in 1819. His pictures, which embrace a wide range of subjects, are remarkable for their striking originality of conception, vigorous execution, and fine color and tone. One of his best-known and greatest pictures is “Luther at the Diet of Spires,” containing thirty-three portraits of the principal characters, copied from the authentic originals by the old masters. He also designed the engravings for his brother's History of the Civil Wars (1841-45), and illustrated many scenes in Scott's novels and in Shakespeare. His later works were chiefly oil paintings. Among his intimate friends were Thackeray, Dickens, Macready, Douglas Jerrold, Landseer, Browning, Macaulay, and Disraeli.  CAT-THYME,. See.  CAT′TI, or CHATTI, (Lat., from Celtic, connected, probably as an original totem-name, with O. Ir. cat, Welsh cath, Corn. cath, cat). A German people, included by Cæsar under the name (q.v.), who inhabited a country included in the present Hesse and the Prussian Province of Hesse-Nassau. The southwestern part of their territory, around Mattiacum, was conquered by the Romans under Drusus. The Catti took part in the general rising of the Germans under Arminius (Hermann). Tacitus praises them as excellent foot-soldiers. During the reign of Marcus Aurelius, in the end of the Second Century, they made incursions into Roman Germany and Rhætia. Caracalla failed in an expedition against them and the Alemanni in the Third Century. About the middle of that century their name began to give place to that of the (q.v.), and is last mentioned by Claudian in the latter part of the Fourth Century.  CATTLE (OF. catel, from Med. Lat. captale, capitale, goods, property, from Lat. capitalis, important, relating to the head, from caput, head). The term cattle in its broadest significance includes not only horned animals, but horses, sheep, and nearly all kinds of domestic animals. In a more restricted and commonly accepted sense it is applied to the various breeds of meat or bovine animals belonging to the species Bos taurus, including the domestic ox, steer, and cow. Cattle seem to have been almost the first animals domesticated by man in

the early period of the world's history, and also the most valuable and necessary to his highest welfare in all ages and stages of civilization since that time. The original wild type from which the various breeds of domestic cattle are descended is not well known. Through ancient sculptures and other records cattle can be traced back at least 4000 years, and the earliest evidences indicate that animals of different types were then known. (See .) Variations evidently began at an early period, although no very high degree of development was effected by the ancients. Within the last two centuries especially, much attention has been paid to selecting and breeding cattle adapted to special conditions and purposes, and to developing the beef and milk producing qualities. It is stated that there are now in various parts of the world over one hundred distinct breeds of cattle. The principal and most valuable breeds of America have been derived from Great Britain and other portions of northwestern Europe. They are thought to have had a common origin in the wild cattle which existed in the ancient forests of Europe, of which Julius Cæsar, Pliny, and others wrote nearly two thousand years ago. The wild ox, whatever its origin, seems to have been formerly an inhabitant of many forest districts of Great Britain. The wild Chillingham cattle, which have been preserved for many generations in Chillingham Park, are the nearest representatives of these cattle extant. The most important results of man's agency in improving cattle by breeding, care, and management have been a tendency of the animals to mature at an earlier age, and readily to lay on flesh and fat, and an increase of the milk-production far beyond the needs of the calf, and prolongation of the natural period of milk-flow. At the present time the various recognized breeds of domestic cattle may be classified in a general way as beef cattle and dairy cattle.

. The principal breeds of beef cattle in Great Britain and the United States are the Shorthorn, Hereford, Galloway, Devon, and Aberdeen-Angus. These breeds all originated in Great Britain, and for the most part took their names from the county or district whence they came. Alvord says: “The cattle which have been most famous as a breed in England and America, which have received the longest and closest attention of breeders and improvers, which have commanded prices, singly and in herds, far above all others, and which have made the greatest impression upon the live stock of both countries during the Nineteenth Century, are the Shorthorns or Durhams.” The name Shorthorns was probably given to distinguish them from the rival race of Blackwell's Longhorns, which they soon surpassed. They are red and white cattle, the colors being variously blended and often roan, rectangular in outline and having horns of moderate length. They are notable for early maturity, beauty of form, quick fattening qualities, and minimum amount of waste in slaughtering. Although unsurpassed as beef cattle, many of the cows are good milkers, the best of any of the strictly beef breeds. The Herefords, originated in the county of Hereford, may be described as red with white on face, chest, belly, feet, and over the tops of the shoulders. They are close rivals or the equals of Shorthorns as beef cattle. They are inferior