Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/404

* CATSKILL GKOUP. 346 CATTEIiL. from this fonnatiou is a gigantic arthropod, [^lylonurus (q.v. ), an ally of the horseshoe crab (Limulus), which attained a length of five feet, iragnients, consisting of the dermal plates, spines, and teeth, of heavily armored fishes of the genera Bothriolejjis, Coccostens, and Holopty- cliius, which lived in the brackish and fresh waters of the coastal swamps, are found in cer- tain red beds. A fresh-water clam, Amnigenia, is found in sandy shales of the Oneonta forma- tion and occasional water-worn shells of marine mollusks and bracliiopods occur in the lower beds of the Catskill Jlountain region. The Catskill sediments are approximately 4500 feet thick in the Catskill Mountains: they have their greatest development, with a thickness of 7.500 feet, in the vicinity of Mauch Chunk, Pa., and from that region southward the formation diminishes in thickness until it disappears in Virginia. The formation is overlaid by the Poeono sandstones and conglomerates of similar origin, but of later (Carboniferous) age. The elevation of the continents that occurred toward the close of Devonian time was accompanied in Great Britain by the formation of very similar sediments there "known as the Old Red Sandstone, made famous bv the writings of Hugh Miller. This Old Ked Sandstone bears to the normal marine Devonian of Great Britain the same rela- tion as does the Cat-skill fonnation to the marine Devonian of eastern North America, and the sim- ilarity is still further marked in the identical physical characteristics of the rocks and the close resemblance of their contained fossil re- mains. See Devonian Ststem; Old Red S.sd- STONE : Styi.oxvbus. CATSKILL MOUNTAINS. A section of the Appalachian Mountain system, lying to the west of the Hudson River, and mainly confined to Greene and Ulster coimties, X. Y. They cover an area about 50 miles long, north and south, and 30 miles broad, east and west ( Map : Xen- York, F 3). They are of old geological formation, their sides consisting of the sand- stones and shales of the Catskill group of the Devonian system. The main line of elevations, which begins about 8 miles west of the Hudson River, extends nearly north and south for a dis- tance of 12 miles and sends off several spurs to the west. Unlike the southern ranges of the Ap- palachians, the Catskills are not formed by par- allel groups of mountains, each peak being more or less isolated from the neighboring summits. The slopes on the eastern side are precipitous, but toward the west there is a gradual decline to the level of the bordering highlands. The highest elevations are ^Mountain Slide. 42.50 feet; Hunter Mountain. 4025 feet; Black Dome, 4004 feet; and Panther :Mount;un. 3800 feet. Deep gorges, locally known as 'cloves.' have been eroded by the branches of the Schoharie and Esopus creeks, and there arc many cascades along their courses. Railroads cross "the region, giving ac- cess to all sections. The beautiful views, fine summer and autumnal climate, and high alti- tude, make the region very popular as a summer resort. The mountains are, for the most part, covered with thick forests of oak, hickory, ash, piaple. beeih. pine. etc. CATSKIN'S GARLAND, or The Wandeb- IXG Young Gentlewoman. An old English ballad. It deals with the distress and restora- tion to happiness of a scullery maid, whose wretchedness is so great that she is obliged to clothe herself in catskins. It is really an Anglo- Saxon form of Cinderella. CAT-SNAKE. The English name of a venom- ous opisthoglyph serpent (I'arbophis vii'ax) of southeastern Europe and Asia Minor, remark- able for several peculiarities of structure. It is small, dull-colored, and sluggish, and has grooved poison-fangs in the liinder part of the upper jaw. There are also long, recurved teeth in the lower jaw, which assist it in holding it-s prey (mainly lizards), while it chews at it until the venom ^.tupefies the victim. See Oi'ISTIioglypha. CAT'S-TAIL GRASS. See Timothy Grass. CAT'S-TAIL BEED. See Ttpha. CATTARO, kut'ta-rO (Slav. Kotor). A sea- port of the Austrian Crownland of Dalmatia, situated at the head of the Gulf of Cattaro. close to the Montenegrin frontier, and about 36 miles east-southeast of Ragusa (ilap: Austria, F 5). It is strongly fortified, being protected on the gulf side by powerful batteries and on the land side by the almost inaccessible Fort San Giovan- ni, standing on a precipitous rock almost 1000 feet above the to«ii, with which it is connected by a series of defensive works. Its principal trade is with Montenegro, with whose capital it is connected by a highway. Population, in 1890, 5400; in 1900^ 5700. Cattaro, which was at one time a Roman colony under the name of Ascri- vium, came in 1420 under the dominion of the Republic of Venice. In 1797 it passed to Aus- tria, and in 1805 to the Kingdom of Italy, but was restored to Austria in 1814. CATTARO, Gulf of, or Bocche di Cattabo. An inlet of the Adriatic, near the southern ex- tremity of the Dalmatian coast, in latitude 42° 27' X.'(ilap: Austria, F 5). It consists of three basins connected by straits of about half a mile in breadth. The outer entrance is only a mile and a half wide, and the total length of the gulf is about 18 miles. ^Mountains protect it from all winds, and it has suflicient depth to make it an excellent harbor. The scenery is magnificent. CAT'TEGAT, or KATTEGAT (anc. Lat. fiiiuis Codiiiius), The. The strait or sound sepa- rating the east coast of .Jutland. Denmark, from the west coast of Sweden, and, by joining the Skagerrak on the west and the Little and Great Belts and the Sound on the east, forming the middle link in the chain of waters connecting the Baltic with the Xorth Sea (Map: Denmark, E 2). It is about 150 miles long, and has a greatest width of about 90 miles. Its depths are very unequal, varying in the deepest portions in the western part from 40 to fio feet, and in the eastern part from 100 to 200 feet. It offers dangers to navigation on account of its nunier- ous'shoals and the frequency of stormy winds. Its princijial islands are Laso, at the north. An- holt, near the middle, and Samso, at the south. The eastern shores are steep and rocky, but those on the wi>t are low. CATTELL', .James McKeen (I860—). An American psvchologist. born at Easton, Pa. He graduated at Lafayette College in 1880. and at the University of "Leipzig in ISSti. and was a lecturer at the Universitv of Cambridge in 1888. From 1888 to 1891 he was professor of psychol- ogv at the University of Pennsylvania, from