Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/390

* CATGUT. 332 CATHARINE I. 4 oz. carbonate of potash, and three to four gal- lons of water, with occasionally a. little alum), drawn t)irough a perforated brass tliiml)le, and assorted into their res])ective sizes. In order to destroy any adherent animal matter, which ■M)uld lead to" putrefaction and the consequent development of offensive odors, it is customary to subject the catgut to the fumes of burning sulphur (sulphurous aeid). The best strings are used for musical instruments, and those which come from Italy and are known as Roman strings are the stronge"st. They are remarkable for their clearness and transparency. The surgeon also uses the best grades of catgut in closing wounds. Cords for clock-makers are made split longitudi- nally into several lengths. Whip-cord is made from catgut which has been twisted in a manner »omewhat similar to single-corded ropes. CATH'ARI, or Catiiarists (Med. Lat., from Gk. mdapog, katlwros, pure). A name very generally given to various sects which appeared in the Church during the Middle Ages. It ap- pears to have been sometimes assumed in pro- fession of a purity of doctrine and morals su- perior to that which generally prevailed in the Church, sometimes bestowed ironically in ridi- cule of such a profession, and was used as a designation of the Taulicians (q.v.) of the Seventh and succeeding centuries, of sects which appeared in I.ombardy in the begiiuiing of the Eleventh Century, and' afterwards in France and the west of Germany, and of the Bogomiles of the Twelfth Century'. In the Eleventh Century the Patarenes app'eared in Milan, and were called Cathari. The names Albigenses and Cath- ari are often used as equivalent to one another; in fact it is almost impossible to differentiate the various bodies known as Petrobrusians and Arnoldists (from their leaders), or Passagers and Publicans (from different features of their morals and customs), ilanicheism. Gnosticism, and ilontanism are ascribed to the Cathari; but as their doctrines were a confused agglomera- tion of different heresies, and consequently the descriptions of contemporary writers are not always concordant, it is difficult to make out their system in detail. It appears quite cer- tain that the Cathari differed among themselves in their doctrines, and in the degree of their opposition to the dominant Church. Some of Iheni advocated and practiced a rigid asceticism. There is no good evidence that any of them nearly approached to the doctrines of the Refor- mation, although in their rejection of tradition, of the authority of Rome, of the worship of saints and images, etc., there are notable points of agreement ith the views of the reformers. Consult C. Schmidt, La sectc des Cathares (Strassburg. 1849): J. J. Dollinger, Sekten- oeschichtc, Vol. II. (Munich, 1890) ; also H. C. Lea. Bislory of the Inquisition (3 vols., Kew York, ISSS). CATH'ARINE (Fr. Catherine, Lat. Catha- rina, Gk. Kattaiilvt/, Kntharim' from Kadapo^, latharos, pure). The name of six saints of the Roman Catholic Church. The simple designa- tion of Saint Catharine, however, is given to a virgin said to have been of royal descent in Alexandria, who, publicly confessing Christianity at a sacrificial feast appointed by the Emperor ^laxiniinus, was put to death in a.d. 307, after being tortured on a wheel. Hence the name of 'Saint Catharine's wheel.' ^'ery remarkable le- gends exist as to her converting 50 ]iliilusophers sent by the Emperor to convert her in prison, besides a multitide of other persons; the cou- vev'ance of her head by the angels to ilount Sinai, etc. She is regarded as the patroness of girls' schools. Her day is Xovember 25 or March 5. (See her life in the publications of the Early English Text Society; also in those of the Roxburghe Club, both London, 1884). — Saikt Catharine of Siena, daughter of .Tacorno Benincasa, a dyer of Siena, was born there in 1347; practiced extraordinary niorliflca- tions, and was said to have been favored with especial tokens of favor by Christ, whose wounds were impressed upon her body. (See Stigma- tiz.tion). She became a Dominican, and died in Rome, April 29, 1380. She wrote devotional pieces, letters, and poems, which have been more than onee printed; the best edition appeared in Siena and Lucca, in 1707-54 (in 5 vols., 4to), under the title of Ojiere delta scrafira Santa Catarina. Her letters were published in French translation (Paris, 1854; best in the original, Florence, 1800, 4 vols.). In English have ap- peared Dialogues of the Seraphic Virgin Cath- erine of Siena (London, 1896) ; the dialogue De Pcrfcctione is translated in Miss Urane's biography mentioned below. Consult her life bv'^J. E.' Butler. 4th ed. (London, 1895): Au- gusta I. Drane (London, 1880) ; M. A. ilignety (Paris, 1886) ; A. T. Pierson (New York. 1898) ; H. V. Redern (Schwerin, 1900). Saint Catharine of Genoa was born in 1447 of the distinguished Genoese family Fieschi. Her father was viceroy of Naples under Eene of Anjou. She was very beautiful. Her own wish was to become a nun, but her parents gave her in marriage to a Genoese nobleman, GivHano Adorno (.lanuary 13, 1403), in order to heal the breach which had come between the two families. Her married life was unhappy, and she suffered much not only from her husband's personal treat- ment, but from his extravagance and licentious- ness. At last bankruptcy overtook him and they were reduced to poverty. Then her spiritual nature showed itself. She started on a career of philanthrojiy as nurse (1479), and from 1491 to 1497 was chief nurse in a great hospitixl. Her husband was converted through her iiillucnce, en- tered the third order of Saint Fraiuds. and joined her in charitable labors. Her ascetic ])iety was extraordinary. It is said that from 1478 to 1500 she fasted all Advent and all Lent, and took iio nourishment of any kind, but drank water min- gled with vinegar and salt. She died Seiitember 15, 1510, having won so high a reputation for piety that Pope Clement XII. canonized her in 1737: and Benedict XIV. put her in the Jlartyrology under March 22d ; but in the Acta Sanctorum' ahe-- is found under September 5th. She had many ardent disciples and one of them wrote from her lips, in Italian. The Treatise on Purgatory (English trans., London, 1878). Her life, written by T. de Bussierce. jirefaeed a French translation of her works (Paris. 1800). Saint Catharine of Boloona and Saint CATHARyNE OF SWEDEN (1331-81). the fourth daughter of Saint Birgitta (or Bridget) of Swe- den, are of less note. CATHARINE I. ( ? -1727). Mistress and wife of Peter the Great, and Empress of Russia from 1725 to 172". She was born between 1682