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* CALDERON DE LA BARCA. S military service followed, in Italy and Flanders, though there is some discrepancy in dates, liut in lt)35 he is once more in Madrid, writing for the stage. Two years later he received the Order of Santiago, and in 1G48 had to interrupt the composition of a play in order to join his fellow knights in a campaign against the Catalan rebels. Jn 16,51 he followed the example of Lope de Vega and entered the priesthood, becoming successively chaplain at Toledo, honorary chaplain to I'liilip 1'.. and superior of the Brotherhood of San Pedro in Madrid, Yet he still continued to write for the stage, and when he died, ilay 5, 1081, he was engaged upon a new auto sucmmental. a form of religious play in which he excelled all his predecessors. His friend De Solis wrote of him, "He died, as they say the swan dies, singing." With Calderon the golden period of Spanish drama comes to a close. He found it at its height, and he exhausted, one after another, the possibilities of its .several types. As to the rank which should be assigned him, it must be borne in mind that he wrote not for the world, but for the narrow circle of his own age and country. He was essentially, fundamentally local ; he lacked the universalitj-, the wide humanity of Shakespeare, to whom, curiously enough. Fried- rich Schlegel found him superior. He lacked the gift of finely differentiating his characters. They stand less for individuals than for personifica- tions of certain primitive and dominant passions, love, hate, pride, charity, revenge. His leading motives are limited in number; they almost nar- row down to the three sentiments of loyalty to the King, devotion to the Church and the 'point of honor,' or vengeance inflicted by husband, father, or brother upon an erring woman. Per- haps nothing serves better to illustrate his cir- cumscribed outlook upon life than the plays in which this last theme is treated. His heroes have nothing of the lofty passion of an Othello, the sublimity of a noble nature gone astraj'. They impress one rather as coldblooded execu- tioners, sensitive only to the fear of being made to appear absurd. There is much significance in the fact that of all the surviving plays of Cal- deron, only three have been found capable of pro- duction on the modem stage. Many critics think that Calderon was at his best as a writer of autos, or religious plays, ■which closely resemble the mystery plays of the iliddle Ages, and in their more specialized form are a sort of dramatized exposition of the mystery of the blessed eucharist. intended for performance on Corpus Christi day. Of these autos. nearly eighty are extant, although the number varies in different authorities, who some- times fail to distinguish between the nuto and the more secular comedia devotq. Of the regu- lar dramas, there are about 120 surviving, of ■which the best known are El Alcalde de Zalamea; El principc ronxtnttte (an historical ])lay deal- ing with Prince Ferdinand of Portugal) ; La dama diiendo (The Fairj- Lady) : lU medico de su honra; El pinto de su denhmtrn : and El nun/or monstruo los zelos (Xo Monster Like Jeal- ousy). Editions of Calderon are: Keil's (Leipzig, 1827): Hartzenbusch's (Madrid. Rivadeneyra, 4 vols, 1872-74) ; and Garcia Ranien (Madrid. 1882) ; a Oernian translation of the plavs, hv J. D. Grips (0 vols.. Berlin. 18fi2K Tbcic are English, translations of selected plays by 5 CALDICOTT. M'Carthy (1854-73); Edward Fitzgerald (3 vols., 1853) ; Archbishop Trench (1856) ; and N. MacColl (1888). Consult: Schmidt, Die Hchau- spwle Caiderons (Elberfeld, 1857) ; Trench. Es- say on the Life and Genius of Calderon (London, 1880) : Menendez y Pelayo. Calderon y su teatro (Madrid, 1881); Giinthner, Calderon und seine M'crke (Freiburg, 1888). CALDERON THE COURTIER. A story of Spanish romance by Bulwer Lytton (1838). CJLLDERWOOD, k-al'der-wyd, David (1575- 1050). A Scottish divine and ecclesiastical his- torian. He was born in Dalkeith, of a good fam- ily, and about 1604 was settled as Presbyterian minister of Crailing, Koxburghshire, a few miles southeast of Edinburgh. Opposed to the de- signs of James VI. for the establishment of Episcopacy in Scotland, on that monarch's visit to his native country in 1617, he and other min- isters signed a protest against a bill, then before the Scottish Parliament, for granting the power of framing new laws for the Church toan ecclesias- tical council appointed by the King, and in con- sequence he was summoned before the high com- mission of Saint Andrews. Refusing to submit, he was committed to prison for contumacy, and then banished the kingdom. He retired to Hol- land, 1619, and in 1621, in English, and in 1623, in Latin, published at Leyden, under the pseudo- nyiu Edwardus Didoclavius, an anagram on his name. Latinized, his celebrated controversial work, entitled Altare Daniascenum, etc., in which he rigorously examined the origin and authority of Episcopacy, and which has been a storeliouse of information and argument in favor of Presby- terianism. After King James's death, in 1625, he returned to Scotland, and for some years was engaged collecting all the memorials relating to the ecclesiastical affairs of Scotland, from the beginning of the Reformation there to the death of James VI. In 1640 he became minister of Peneaitland, near Edinburgh, and in 1043 was appointed one of the committee for drawing up the Directory for Public Worship in Scotland. He died at .Jedburg. October 29, 1650. From the original MS. of his History of the Kirk of ><cotland. preserved in the British Museum, an edition, with a life, by the Rev. Thomas Thom- son, was printed for the Woodrow Society, in 8 vols. (Edinburgh, 1842-49). CALDERWOOD, Henry (1830-97). A Scotch clergyman and philosopher, born at Pee- bles. He was educated at Edinburgh University in 1847-52, studied theologj', 1852-50, and was minister of Greyfriars Presbyterian Church, Glasgow, in 1856-58. He was examiner in men- tal philosophy at the Universit^v of Glasirow from 1801 to 1804, and from 1868 until' his death was professor of moral philosophy at Edinburgh University. He published The' Phi- losophy of the Infinite (1854); Handbook of Moral Philosophy (1872) ; The Relations of Mind and Brain (1879) ; The Relations of Science and Religion (1881) ; and Evolution and Man's Place in Xature. CALDICOTT, kal'di-kot, Alfred James (1824 — ). An English musician and composer, born in Worcester. He studied at the Leipzig Con- servatory under Richter. Moscheles. and others; became organist of Saint Stephen's Church, Wor- cester, and in 18S2 was appointed to a professor- ship at the Royal College of Music, London. His