Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/386

* CATEGORY. 330 CATFISH. namablc things. In rotnit times Ed. von Hart- inann has written a detaiUnl work on categories {Kategorieiilehre, IS'Mi). He defines a category as an unconscious o priori intellectual function of a definite sort. This is very iinicli like Kant's view; but categories are not so nnuh part of the innate constitution of each individual as they are the ways in which the impersonal reason acts in individuals. Thus in origin they are super- personal, but as concrete functions they belong to the individualized group of functions. There are three great divisions — categories of sensation, of perception, and of thought. Each division is more or less subdivided. It will thus be seen that one's views of categories are determined by one's epistemological views. In accordance with the epistemological view developed in this work (see 1:WLEDGE, Theory of) a category may be defined as an intelligible relation between ob- jects. Consult: Caird, Crilical Philosophy of Immayiuel Kant (Xew York. 18891 ; and Harris, Hegel's Logic (Chicago, 1800). CATEL, ka'tel', Ciiarles-Simox (17731830). A French musician, born at Laigle. In 1787, he became accompanist of the Paris Ecole Eoyale de Chant (at which he had previously studied under Gossec), and upon its consolidation with the new Conservatory he was made professor of har- mony. He later became an inspector of the Conser'atory and in 1815 was elected to the Academy. Catel's most lasting work was his Traitc d'hannonie (1802), an excellent text- book, and long a standard in France. Of his numerous compositions, onlv the operas Scniira- viis (1802) and Les Bamidcrcs (1810) are of any importance. CATEL, kii'tel. Feanz (1778-1856). A Ger- man painter, born iu Berlin. He first gained a reputation by his drawings illustrating Goethe's Henniinn iiiid Dorothea (1700|. He then went to Paris, and afterwards to Rome, where he asso- ciated with Overbeck, Cornelius, and Schadow, who were among his friends. He showed in his manner of painting the influence of Carstens. His landscapes are of Italian scenes, with architec- tural details in classic style, such as the "Ruins of P;estnm" and "The Appian A'ay." CATE'NA (I.at., chain). A commentary composed of extracts from diflferent authors, flucidating a text, especially the text of the Bible. The authors are generally Cliurch fathers, and so the extracts partake of the nature of an inspired commentary. The com])osition of such a commentary dates from the Fourth Century. Prominent among the earliest compilers is Cas- siodorus (c.470-.')65), and most famous is Thomas Aqiinas (e.l22f)-74). Consvilt the English trans- lation of the Catena Aiirea on the Gospels by the latter (6 vols., Oxford, n. e.,' 1870). Many •extracts from otherwise luiknown Aorks have thus been preserved. CATENA (properly VixcEXZo Dl Biagio) ( ? — C.1531). A Venetian painter. He was a pupil of Giorgione and Giovanni Bellini, and a clever imitator of these and other masters. His works include cbielly religious pictures and portraits, the most important l)eing "Kniglit Kneeling Before the Madonna" I Lond<in). Other si)ecimens are "Madonna Between Saint Francis and Saint Jerome" ('enice Academy), and a line portrait of one of the Fugger family ( Berlin ) . CAT'ENARY (Lat, catoiaritis, from catena, a chain). Tlie curve formed by a flexible, homo- geneous, and inextensible cord hanging freely between two points of sujiport, and acted on by no other force than gravity. If the cord is not homogeneous and the density varies, the cord hangs in a curve different in shape i Ik lf| from the ordinary catenary; e. g. where the cord is such that the weight of any ])art of it is proportion- al to its horizon- tal projection, the curve is a para- bola. The latter curve and the or- dinary catenary are of importance in the theory of suspension bridges. The catenary is repre- sented algebraically by the equation: ■!:*^?fcW?;r:!'{^l(!ikS¥Hi»*^r !?■ CATENAKT. j,= |(e'- + e ? ) It possesses several remarkable properties, one of M'hieh is that its centre of gravity is lower than that of any other curve of equal perimeter, and with the same fixed points for its extremities. The catenary seems first to have attracted the attention of Galileo, who attributed to it a para- bolic form. Joachim Jungius (1GG9) showed the error of this supposition, but was unable to determine the equation of the curve, a result accomplished by Leibnitz (1G91), The cur-e was also elaborately investigated by Jakob Bernoulli. The bibliography of the subject is given in Bro- card, Xotes de hihliogruphie des courbes gco- mrtriqucs (Bar-le-Duc, 1897). For a discussion of the mechanical properties of the curve, con- sult: Price, Analytical Mechanics, Vol. I. (Ox- ford, 1868) : and Minchip, Treatise on Statics (Oxford, 1880). CATENIP'ORA (Xeo-Lat. noni. pi., from I.at. catena, chain + porus, pore). A generic name given b}' Lamarck in 1816 to the chain coral, a peculiar tabulate coral found in a fossil state in the Silurian rocks, to which the name Hnlysites had already been applied by Fischer in ISOG. For description, see Halysites. CATERPILLAR. See Butterflies axu Moths. CATERPILLAR-HUNTER. A predaceous beetle of the family C'aial)ida'. and genus Callo- soma. of which several species prey upon cater- pillars, earthworms, etc. To this genus belong the bombardiers (q.v. ). and many species, of which a common one {Callonoma scrutator) is illustrated on the colored Plate of Insects. See GROtXn-BEETLE. CATESBY, k.ntsln, Mark (c.1679-1749). An English naturalist, born probably in London, He visited Xorth America and the Bahamas in 1712-19, and afterwards published Xatural His- tory of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands, with colored fisrures drawn and etched by himself ( 1722-26) . These were the first drawings of Xorth American animals to be published. He also published Horttis Britanno-Americaniis (1737) and Migration of Birds (1747). CATFISH (so called from the purring sound when the fish is taken from the water). One of