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* CALDAS. jsh term for warm springs applied to numerous places on the Iberian Peninsula on account of their thermal springs. The chief of them are Caldas de Malavella, Caldas d'Estrach, and Cal- das de Montbuy, in Catalonia: Caldas de Reyes, Caldas de Taipas, Caldas de Favcios, Caldas de Rainha, Caldas de Gerez, in Portugal. The name is also common in the topography of South Amer- ica, as Caldas de Minas Geraes, Brazil. A South American naturalist, lunn at Popayan. Xew Granada, lie traveled extensively through that country and Peru, and in 1804. by means of a barometer and a sextant constructed by him- self, measured Mount Chimborazo, ilount Tun- gueragua, and several other peaks. He was in charge of the observatory established at the be- ginning of the century at Santa Ff de Bogota, and his valuable observations were published in the Henienario de la Nueva Granada, the first number of which was issued in 1807 (repub- lished by A. Lasserre, Paris, 1849). Upon the outbreak of the revolution of ISIO. Caldas em- braced the cause of independence, was condemned to death by Morillo, and executed. CALDAS-BARBO'SA, Domingos (1740- 1800). A Brazilian poet. He was born in Rio de ■Taneiro, and was the son of a freed negress. He entered the army, participated in the siege of Colonia do Sacriimento in 1762. and afterwards went to Lisbon, where he took holy orders. His great improvisational gifts made him a favorite with the best society of Lisbon. His poems are tinged with melancholy and are somewhat pes- simistic in tone. Many of them have been col- lected and published under the title, A Viola de Loreno. CALDECOTT, knl'dc-kot, Randolph (1846- 80). An English illustrator, born in Chester. In early life he was a bank clerk; as an artist he was "self-taught. About 1871 he went to Lon- don, and a year afterwards settled there, and began regularlv to contribute drawings to the leading magazines. His first illustrations were none for Washington Irving's Old Chrislmas (1875). Among others are those for Irving's Bracebridge Ball (1876). and for books by Mrs. Ewing and Mrs. Locker. But his best work is a series of children's picture-books, illustrated in color. The series began with John Gilpin (1878). and ended with The Great Panjandrum Himself (1885). His depiction of country life and animals rivals Leech in humor and draughts- manship. CALDERA, k.'il-da'ra (Sp., kettle, Engl, eal- dron, referring to the hollow depression of vol- canic origin). A seaport of Chile, in the Prov- ince of Atacama (Map: Chile, C 9). It has an excellent harbor, protected by breakwaters; and exports silver and copper, being the port for the productive mining district centring at OopiapO, with which it is connected by rail. There are silver and copper smelters here. The town is the seat of a United States consular agent. Population, in 1895, 1878. CALDERON, kiil'daron', Don Serafin Es- TfcBANEZ (1801-07). A Spanish poet and novel- ist. He was born in Malaga in 1801, studied law at the University of Granada, and in 1822 was made professor of poetry and rhetoric there. A volume of jjfiems which he pul)lished sliortly after procured for him some distinction. 24 CALDERON DE LA BARCA. Subsequently, he became an advocate in his na- tive city, but still continued faithful to the Muses. In 18.30 he went to Madrid, where he published anonymously his only volume of poems under the title El solitario (1831). He also wrote several articles on Andalusian manners for the Cartas Espanolas, the only literary jour- nal at that period in Spain. In 1836 he was ap- pointed Civil Governor of Logroilo. but an acci- dent obliged him to return to Madrid, where he devoted himself to collecting MSS. of the old national literature, to be the basis of a great critical edition of the Cancioncros and Roma7i- ceros. Calderon wrote also a fine novel, Vris- lianos y iloriscos (1838). To the literature of the Spanish Moors he paid great attention. His Eseenas andahizas (1847) are a series of lively sketches of Andalusian life. At his death, February 5. 1867, he left behind him a work on the Ejci>edicio)ies i/ arciituras d-e loa Es/mfwles en Afriea. The Spanish Government purchased his very valuable library. Consult Ciinovas del Cas- tillo. El solitario y su tiempo, etc. (Madrid, 1883). CALDERON, Francisco G.hcia (1834—). A Peruvian statesman, born in Arequipa. He became professor of jurisprudence at the age of 21, was elected to the Peruvian Congress in 1867, and in 1868 became Minister of the Treasury. After the occupation of Lima by the Chilean Army in 1881, and the llight of President Pierola, Calderon was elected Provisional President of Peru. In this capacity he attempted to treat with the civilians and to secure the cooperation of the United States. These plans were frus- trated by the Chileans, who sent him to Val- paraiso as a prisoner. Upon his return to Lima in 1886. he became president of the Senate. He was inliuential in arranging the Grace contract, by means of which great improvements were made in the finances of Peru. His principal publication is the Dictionary of Peruvian Legis- kit ion. CALDERON, krd'der-on, Philippe Hermo- GENE ( 1833-98) . An English subject and portrait painter of .Spanish extraction, born in Poitiers. He studied with .J. JI. Leigh in London and with Picot in Paris, but established himself in London, where his first picture. "By the Waters of Babylon," was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1853. Among his most noteworthy paintings are the following: "Her Most High, oble. and Puissant (Jnice"' (1866) : "The Uritisli Emliassy at Paris during the Massacre of Saint Hartholo- mew" (lS(i:n : ••.Joan of Arc" (1S77I : "The Re- nuneiatioiiol Saint Klizabethof Hungary'" ( 1891). CALDERON, Bridge of. See Puento de C.ALDERO.N. CALDERON DE LA BARCA, kal'dfl rr.n' df, hi biir'ka. Peiiro (1600-81). An eminent Spanish dramatic poet, next to Lope de Vega, Spain's greatest dramatist, and the most typi- cally national Spanish writer of his century. He came of a good old family, and was born .January 17, 1600. in Madrid, where his father was em- phiyed in the department of the treasury-; was edtieated at the .Jesuit college in that city, and tradition says, as it did of Cen-antes. that he studied for a time in Salamanca. His first play was written at the age of 13. and at 22 he won a prize in a poetical contest which called forth warm praise from Lope de Vega. Ten years of
 * CAXDAS, Francisco Josfc de (e.l77018IG).