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* CASTRO. 309 CASTJARINA. CASTRO, Josfi Maria (181S— ). A states- jnan vi l u-ta Rica, born in San JosO. He {iradu- ated at the University of Leon, Xiearagiia. He was rrosident of Costa Rica from 1S47 to 1840, and from ISOli to ISOS, when lie was superseded by Jimenez. He held the rank of a general of division, and bore the title 'Founder of the Re- public of Costa Rica.' CASTRO ANDRADE Y PORTUGAL, in- drii'da (■ prir'luu-yiir, I'EDRO AxTOMO Fekxax- UEZ DE, Count of Lenios (lG.34-72). A viceroy of Peru. He was apjiointed to succeed Diego Benavides y de la Cueva, and entered upon his office on Xovember 21, 1667. The lawlessness in the mining regions he met with severity. Par- ticularly was this true in connection with the silver-mine of one Caspar de Saleedo at La}'ca- cota, near Lake Titieaca. The enormous reve- nues derived by Saleedo from this mine angered otlu r milling proprietors of the district. Bush- whacking liands were formed, and blood flowed freely. The viceroy opened at Pancar-coUa a court for the trial of such offenses, executed forty-two persons, and banished or fined many more. Having been assured by his confessor, Francisco del Castillo, that he had been need- lessly cruel, he had masses said for the souls of his victims, and himself performed menial duties in the conduct of the services. CASTRO DEL RIO, ka'stro del re'6 (Sp., castle of the river). A town of Spain, in the Province of Cordova, situated on the right bank of the (.iuada joz. about 21 miles southeast by south of Cordova (ilap: Sjiain. C4). A portion of the old to i is surrounded by ruined walls. The new town, lying outside of these, has some good streets. The municipal building is worthy of mention. The town has manufactures of woolen and linen fabrics, earthenware, etc., and carries on considerable trade in agricultural produce. Population, in llJOtl, 11,689. CASTROGIOVANNI, kii'stro-jo-van'n^ (It., castle of .lohn). A city in the centre of Sicily, .5.5 miles west of Catania (Map: Italy. .1 10). It is delightfully situated on the level top of a hill 2600 feet high, built in the form of a horseshoe that opens toward the east. The town is cool in summer and often very cold in winter. The main street leads up to the ancient citadel. La Rocea, repaired by King ^lanfred. from the highest tower of which is obtained (me of the finest views in Sicily. On the east rises the pyramid of Etna, on the north and west are magnificent mountain ranges, and on the south are visible more moun- tains and the sea. The cathedral, founded in 1307, has some treasures, and the public library contains valuable incunabula. There are also a museum, a technical institute, and a castle built by Frederick II. of Aragon. The city is a local centre of trade, mainly in sulphur and rock salt. It occupies the site of the ancient Knna. called inexpupnabilis by Livy, and the modern name comes through the Arabic Kasr- Yani, the Yani being an Arabic corruption of l£nna, Xear it is Lake Pergusa, with which is associated the story of Proserpina an<l Pluto. In the Punic Wars Enna was a centre of combat, and ancient Roman missiles are still picked up in the vicinity. In a,d. 8.37 its walls defended the inhabitants of the whole district against the Saracens, but in 859 the fortress was captured by treachery. The Xorraans captured it in 1087. Population, in 1881 (commune), 19,000; in 1901, 26,081, CASTRO-TJRDIALES, -oor'de-U'Iiis. A town of Spain, in the Province of Santander, situated on the Bay of Biscay (Map: Spain, D 1), It has a good roadstead, and exports timber and fish to iJadrid. Fishing and fish-preserving, with some manufactures, constitute the jirinci- pal industries. Castro- L'rdiales, an ancient ])ort, was a Roman colony, Flaviobriga, under Ves- pasian; in 1173 it was resettled. The town, after having repelled a previous attack, was sacked bv tlie French in 1813. Population, in 1900, 13.068. CASTROVILLARI, kii'str6-v6lla're, A city in -iiutliiin Italy, ,34 miles north of Cosenza, on two brooks that unite to form the Coscile (Map: Italy, K 8), The ancient part of the town, about the Xorman castle, is not inhabited because of malaria. There are many picturesque mountain roads in the vicinity, particularly one that leads to the salt-mines at Lungro. Fruit, wine, and cotton are marketed here. Population, in ISSl (coniiinineK 11.000: in 1901, 9945. CASTRUCCIO CASTRACANI, ka-stroU'ch6 k'i'stra-ka'ne (C.12S0-1328). An Italian soldier and Ghibelline leader, chief of the republic of Lucca. A member of a prominent Ghibelline fam- ily of Lucca, he was exiled at an early age, and served as a soldier in England, France, and Lom- bardy until 1313, when he returned to Lucca. Being placed at the head of his State, he played a prominent role in the struggle between the Ghibellines and Guelphs in Tuscany, lie sup- ])orted the German Emperor, Louis the Bavarian, whom he accompanied on his expedition to Rome in 1327, and who made him Duke of Lucca, Count of the Lateran Palace, and Senator of Rome. CAST STEEL. See Irox and Steel, Metal- LlliUY OK. CASTTJA, kil'stwa, A town In the Austrian Crowiiland of Istria, at the head of the Bay of (Juarnero, near Fiume (Map: Austria, D 4). Pop- ulation, in 1890 (commune), 16,500: in IflOO, 18.- 000, mostly Serbo-Croatian. Castua is a very old town, and was at one time the capital of Liburnia, CASUAL POOR. A term used in the admin- istration of the English Poor Law to indicate persons temporarily relieved without being ad- mitted to the roll of permanent paupers. See Pool! Laws, CASUARINA, kazh'u-a-rl'na (Neo-Lat., from cnsiKiriii.'!, e;issowary, from Dutch J;asiinar, Ma- lay Icasstiirnris, so called from the roseiiibl.ance of the branches to the feathers of the bird), A genus of the order Casuarinacefe. The trees of this genus are almost e.xelusively Australian. However, Casuarina equisctifolia is found in the South Sea Islands, the Indian Archipelago, the Malayan Peninsula, and on the east side of the Bay of Bengal, as far north as Arracan. and Casuarina Numatrana grows in the Philippine Islands. Some of them are large trees, produc- ing timber of excellent quality, hard and heavy, as the beefwood of the Australian colonists, so called from the resemblance in color to raw beef. Casuarina equisctifolia is called in Aus- tralia the swamp-oak. It is a lofty tree, attain- ing a height of 150 feet, the toa or aitoa of the Society Islands, where it grows chiefly on the sides of hills, and where its wood was formerly