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* CASTLE. 304 CASTLE. at Granada, shows how the Moors ended by combining art and military science, and the immense piles at Coca and Olite sliow the per- manence of the purely military architecture •among the Spaniards. Feudali>>m of a certain kind had nourished in the Jlohammedan East after the breaking up of the Caliphates of Bag- dad and Cordova had led to a stage of smaller independent ])rinci])alities. The castle-fortress ha<l licen developed liy the Byzantines of the time of .lustiniau to a high degree of strength and scientific value, and they had inherited the old Oriental knowledge of double and trijjle lines of fortification and an overlooking acropolis, the specialty of the Hittite and Pelasgic peoples. The Arabs had borrowed from the Komans and Byzantines the idea of a frontier line of de- fense, but they outdid them in their scientific treatment and situation. The military despotism of both empires gave, during the Tenth and Eleventh centuries, great power to the local chiefs on the frontier, who became not merely stationary magnates, but established real feudal dynasties. Syria and Asia ilinov are full of these frontier castles, whose castellans held the safety of the two empires in their hands. The studies of Rcy (Architeciurc militnire do la Syric) have shown how superb were the forti- fications erected in Syria by the Crusaders in the early Twelfth Century; those of il. Bourgoin have proved that ^lohammedan castles furnished the models for the works of the Crusaders. 'hile the Kormans were putting up rudimentary earthworks, the chiefs of Syria were living in ca.stles built of cut stone. This explains why the warriors returning from the first Crusades short- ly after 1100 revolutionized the science of mili- tary architecture in the north of Europe, and why tor the origin of the great French and Eng- lish castles of the Thirteenth Century we must go, as for so many other things, to the East. In fact, for the origin of the mediieval forms then adopted we must study the fortifications of Dara. Edessa, Antioch. and other places in Syria and Mesopotamia, btiilt by Justinian and his suc- cessors. The earliest of the remaining Crusaders' castles is supposed to be that of Giblet. a sipuire plan with angle towers and a central square keep, and others like it at Blanche-Garde and Ibelin. A more advanced system is shown at Saona (e.ll50), which is an example of the Syrian •castles here planned to contain large garrisons. Its square Norman keep is supjilemented by four bastions. Still further progress was made at Beaufort with two enceintes, two keeps, and some heavy bastions. These are followed at the close of the Twelfth Century by a different class or eastlcs. those of the orders of Christian Knights that were the strongest defenders of the Holy Land. The Knights Templars had their central stronghold at Tortosa (118.3) on a rocky pro- jection in the sea by the city and surrounded on its elliptical land side by a wide double moat cut in the rock into which the sea could be turned, cutting off the fortress altogether. The two lines of defense sejiarated by the moats were independent and both defended by square towers. The great keep on the farther side is also isolated by water. Although Tortosa is tinsurpassed among Syrian fortresses in perfection of construction and is equal to the greatest in Europe, the castle of the Knights of the rival order of Saint John built on the Orontes, and commanding the road between Homs-Hamah and 'I'ripoli-Torlosa, is the most important of all, and still remains sub- stantially perfect. It stands in the same class as Chateau Gaillard, which it surpasses in size, is more advanced in scientific construction than Tortosa. and could easily hold a garrison of 4000 men. It should be compared with the great contemporary city castle of Carcassonne in France. It was provided with two large l)arl)i- cans, with square and round lowers, and is built with a high terraced inner bailey magnificently defended and commanded by a barbican-keep. A fortified inclined winding es])lanade connects it with the lower outer bailej-. Architecturally these castles of the knights afforded great op- portunities. It was necessary to ]irovide im- mense halls for the reunion of so large a mass of men — amounting often to a small army — men of equal rank, not underlings, as in tlu' ordinary castle garrison. These edifices were militarj- mon- asteries, and had halls corresponding to the monastic churches, chapter-houses, and refecto- ries. Such castles presented altogether new prob- lems to military architects, who for the first time worked out schemes for tiniting outward strength with extensive interior halls. The result undoubt- edly made possible the Valois-Plantagenet type in the ^Vest. Here, as in every other element of the castle, the type was created in the East. In the Fifteenth Century the castle ceased to be primarily a stronghold, and became a place of residence. In such buildings as the chAteau at Saint Germain near Paris, the transition to the palace is shown: the old forms were often retained, but they were meaningless. Gaillon, Blois, Fontainebleau, Chaiiibord in France. Cap- rarola in Italy. Xettley Hall, Tiehlii'ld House and Longford Castle in F.ngland, the .lbrechts- biirg at Meissen in (Jcrmany, ilhistrate the new style and the passing of the old, BinT.ioGRAPiiY. Very few books treat ade- quately of this subject For France, consult the articles "Chateau," "Donjon," "Siege," and "Tour," in Viollet-le-Dtic, Dicfionnaire raisaiiin' de Varrliitecture frnncni-ie dii A'/* au AT/o siicle, (10 vols., Paris. IS.'iS-nSi. For Germany, a ]iartial exposition is found in Cori, liitu iiiid Jinrichtwtilituire des ccoist'.s en Syric (Paris, 1871), and for England and Scotland, Mc(ibbon and Koss, CusieUiitrd ami Domr.itie Arrliitecliire (if fieollaiid fruin the Tirelftli to the Eighteenth Century (Edinburgh, 1887-1)2); Clark, ^Jedia•l■al Military Architecture (London, 1884) ; and Britton, Architcetonical Antiquities, "ol. III. (London, 1842), CASTLE, TllK. Dublin Castle, the scat of the British (lovernnient in Ireland. The viceroy and ciiiiiloyes of the (lovcrnnient arc sometimes slightingly' referred to as "The Castle Set" by nal ionalist synqiathizcrs. CASTLE, Egehto.n (1858—). An English novelist, iiorn in London. He was educated at the universities of Paris and (Jlasgow, at Trin- ity College, Cambridge, wlierc he took honors in