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* CASTIGLIONE. 299 CASTILE. tiglione's Lettcre (2 vols., Padua, 1769-71) eon- tain intcrestinj; coutiibutions to the political and literaiy liistoiy of his time. Many distin- guished Italians united in perpetuating his memory — Kapliael in a portrait, and Tasso in a sonnet, while Giulio IJoniano designed the monument in Padiia, for which Bembo provided the epitaph. Consult Martinati, Mothie stonco- hioyrafichc inturno al conte Baldassare Casti- gliuiie (Florence, 1S91). CASTIGLIONE, C.vblo Ott.wio, Count ( 17S41rl4!h . All Italian philologist, born in Milan. At an early period he displayed a pre- dilection for aiitio.uarian studies, more par- ticularly numisiiiatics. When only 24 years of age. he published a description of the Kufic coins in the cabinet of Erera, in Milan, under the title, ilonete ciifrche del musco di Mikino (Milan, ISllM, which showed a great knowledge of Oriental languages and history. Castiglione's principal work in the spliere of Oriental litera- ture is his Mcmoirc riiographique ct numisma- tiijue stir la partie oiieiitnle de hi Barbarie ap- pelve Afrilcia par les Arabes, suiri de recherches sur 'cf Berbires aflanliques (Milan, 1S20), in which he seeks to ascertain the origin and the history of the towns in Barbary whose names are found on Arabic coins. Outside of Italy, Cas- tiglione is jMjrhaps best known by his edition of some fragments of the Mceso-Gothic translation of tli« Bible by Ulfilas (q.v.). which had been discoered, in 1817, by Cardinal Mai among the palimpsests of the Ambrosian Library. At first he published some specimens in conjimction with Mai, but in 1829, 1834, 183.5. and 1839, appeared a variety of fragments of the Pauline epistles, edited by himself, and enriched with valuable disquisitions, commentaries, and glos- saries. He died in Genoa, April 10, 1S49. For bis life, cunj-ult lUondelli (Milan, 18.50). CASTIGLIONE, Giovanni Be>-edetto (1616- 701. An Italian painter and etcher, born in Genoa. He is called 'II Grecchetto' (the little Greek). He was the pupil of Paggi, and then of -^n<lrea de' Ferrari, and possibly of Van Dyck. About lfl.54 he bec-ame Court painter to Duke Charles I. of Mantua. He painted some portraits and historical pictures, but his best works are "Animals Entering the .rk" and "The Creation." There is also a fine "Xativity" by him in Genoa. He left more than seventy etchings of much cleverness and spirit. His brother, Salvatore, and his son, Francesco, were his pupils and imitators. CASTIGLIONE DELLE STIVIERE, del'- lA st'-vyu'ru. A town in nnrllicrn Italy, 6 miles south of the southern end of Lake Garda (Map: Italy, E 2). It is connected by street railway with Brescia and Mantua, has two churches, a technical school, and a castle. Its chief industry is silk-spinning. It came into the possession of the Vi-c<iiiti of Milan in 1339, and being ac- quired in 1 404 by a branch of the Gonzaga fam- ily, was the capital of an independent |)rinci- pality which Austria absorlied by purchase in 1773." On August .5, 1796, Napoleon defeated the Austrians under Wurniser here, and because of the victory Marshal Augereau (q.v.) received the title i)f Duke of Castiglione. Population (conmnine). in 1881, 5000; in 1901, 59C7, CASTILE, kA-stel' (Sp. Castilla, from cas- lilln, castle, from Lat. caslellum, fort, on account Vol. IV.— 20. of the numerous castles erected on the fron- tiers). A former kingdom of Sjjain, occupying an area of about 53.500 square miles in the central part of the peninsula (about one-fourth of the kingdom), and divided into the two old provinces of Old Castile, or Castilta la yiejtir, and New Castile, or Cast ilia la Xueva. The former occupies the northern part and forms an elevated plateau, with an. average elevation of about 2500 feet. It is walled in on all sides — on the north by the highest masses of the Cantabrian mountains, which separate it from the Basque provinces and Asturias; on the south by the high ridge forming the watershed between the Duero and the Tagus; wliile the Sierras de Ocejon, de Urbion, and Moncayo, and the heights of Leon and Tras-os-Montes bound it on the east and west. The high plateau of Old Castile is but scantily watered, and its natural characteristics are far from inviting. The chief rivers are the Duero and its tributaries, which are generally shallow during the summer. In many parts nothing is presented to the eye but a wide, almost treeless .waste of land, unre- freshed by streams, in some parts monotonously covered with stunted grasses, and in others al- most destitute of vegetation. The traveler may walk many miles without finding a village or even a solitary farmhouse. Xot all of Old Castile is, however, an arid desert. In the southern part are fotmd fertile tracts which yield fine grain, and even the olive can be cultivated under favorable climatic conditions. Iron and other minerals e.vist in plenty, but are not worked to any great extent, the chief industries being stock-breeding and cotton and linen weaving. New Castile constitutes the southern part of Castile, and includes the Moorish Kingdom of Toledo. It lies between Aragon and Valencia on the east and Estremadura on the west, and has Murcia and Cindaluria on the south. It belongs to the basins of the Tagus, Guadiana, and JCicar. It has a less elevated surface, but in many other respects is not unlike Old Castile. It is mostly sterile in the more elevated parts, such as the elevated plateau of Madrid oi" Toledo, but very fertile in the deep river valleys. Olives, corn, pulse, and saffron are cultivated in some neighborhoods, but more attention is paid to the raising of domestic animals. In- dustry is almost entirely restricted to manu- factures of coarse woolen goods. The yield of the salt-mines in the south is considerable, and quicksilver, especially at Almaden (q.v.), and iron, are plentiful. The commerce is insignificant and is greatly impeded by the lack of adequate transportation facilities. Under the present administrative division of Spain, Old Castile is divided into the eight provinces of Burgos, Logroiio. Santander, .vila, •Segovia, Soria, Palencia, and Valladolid, with a total population of 1,764.440 in 1897, Some authorities include also the provinces of Leon, Zaiiiora, and Salamanca in Old Castile. Xew Castile is divided into the provinces of iladrid, Guadalajara, Toledo, Cuenca, and Ciudad Real, and had a total population of 1.853.314 in 1897. Besides these provinces, the principality of As- turias, and the districts of Estremadura. Anda- lusia, Granada, and Murcia, als6 belonged to the crown of Castile. The Kingdom of Castile was an offshoot of the Kingdom of Lc6n, with which it was pennanently