Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/348

* CASTELAB. 21)6 CASTELLAMABE. CASTELAB, kiis'tA-liir', Emilio (1832-99). A Spanish ioi)ublican lender, born in Cadiz, Sep- tember 8, 1832. lie was the son of a business man, and at the death of his father was left in poverty, but mana}j[e<l to study at the University of Madrid. He then worked as a journalist and novelist until in 1854 a daring entrance into the field of politieal debate secured for him recogni- tion as one of the most brilliant of Spanish ora- tors. In 185t) he became professor of history in the University of Madrid, but lost the place in 180.5, in consequence of an attack on the Queen in La [)cmociii<ia, a radical journal. The paper was suppressed in 1800, and Castelar was sen- tenced to death for participation in the disturb- ance of .June in that year, but he escaped to Switzerland, and subsequently went to France. At the beginning ot the Hovohition of 1808, he returned to Spain and resumed liis professorship, and in 180!) was one of the few republicans returned to the Cortes. In that body he advo- cated the establishment of a republic, and vigor- ously opposed the schemes of a regency. Under the republic proclaimed liy the Cortes after the ab- dication of Amadeus I. (q.v. ) Castelar was made Minister of Foreign Affairs (February 11, 1873) : but he resigned in June. On August 26 he was elected president of the Cortes, and on Septem- ber 7 the Cortes chose him president of the Ex- ecutive, investing him with extraordinary pow- ers, liis first act was to prorogue the Cortes and assume complete authority. He made ener- getic but inell'ectual efforts to suppress the Carl- ists, and sent the Minister of War to Cuba, in person, to protect Spanish interests in that island. When the Cortes reassembled, January 2, 1874, a vote of confidence in Castelar was defeated, and he at once resigned. Thereupon, Pavia, as captain-general of Madrid, forcibly dissolved the Cortes, and appointed a provisional government with Marshal Serrano at its head. Soon after the pronunciamiento in favor of Al- fonso XII., in December, 1874, Castelar w-ent to Switzerland, whence in March, 1875, he sent back his resignation of the chair of history in the University of Madrid. Early in 1876 he returned to Spain and was elected to the Cortes, of which he was a member until 1803. Durin^:; the reign of Alfonso XII. Castelar vigorously defended the i-eforms of the Revolution of 1808, but after the birth of King Alfonso XIII. ( 1880), perceiving that revolutionary methods were ill- suited to Spanish progress, he sought the realiza- tion of the revolutionary progranmie through legal and pacific means. His active opposition to the State had changed to a philosophical republi- canism, revolution in politics with him had given place to evohition, and in 18113 he admitted that the monarchy was the only form of government then possible in Spain. In that year, seeing that universal suffrage was firmly reestablished, he gave up politics for literary work. He was al- ways, in fact, Tiiore of an orator than a man of action. He died in Murcia. ]Iay 2.5, 1800. Castelar was a prolific writer, like his politieal rival. Cfinovas del Castillo. His published works include La cucstion del orienle (1870) ; TJinioria del descuhrimientn de America (1802); La politique europfenne (Paris, 1807-90) ; and sev- eral volumes of essays, speeches, novels, and travels. Consult: Hannay, Ooh Kmilin Caxtclnr (New York. 1800), discriminating and interest- ing; Madame Rattazzi, IJnc ipoque: Emilio Castelar, sa vie, son oeuvrc, son rule historiqite (Paris, 1899), eulogistic but valuable chielly for the extracts from Castelar's own letters; Araco, Castelar, su viilu ;/ su muertc (Madrid, 1900). CASTELBUONO, kii'stel-bwo'nfi. A town in the Pnivince of I'alermo, Sicily, Italy, 31 miles north of Caltanissetta (Map: Italy, J 10). It has noted mineral springs, and manna is culti- vated :iiiil expoiteil. Poiiuhition, in 1901, 10,701. CASTEL FBANCO DELL' EMILIA, friin'- k6 del ft-me'le-a. A city of Italy, 8 miles north- east of Modena, the ancient Forum (jallorum, where in B.C. 43 Marc Antony defeated the con- sul Pansa only to be himself immediately after- wards defeated by Pansa's colleague, llirtius. Important modern industries are match and paper making. Population, in 1901 (conunune), 13,500. CASTEL FBANCO VENETO, vftn;i't6. A city of north Italy, 34 miles northwest of Venice, pleasantly situated on the Jlusone (ilap: Italy, F 2). It has an ancient castle, and in the prin- cipal church are frescoes by Paolo Veronese (q.v.) and an altar-piece b.y Giorgione (q.v.). Here the French, imder S^int Cyr, defeated the Austrians under Prince Rohan, Xovcniber 23. 1805. It is an important silk nuirket. Population, in 1901 (commune), 12,551. CASTEL GANDOLFO, g4n-dol'fd. A town on the west shore of Lake Albano, aboit 13 miles southeast of Rome (Map; Italy,. 2). It con- tains a Papal palace and has been a favorite summer resort of the popes, and by a guaranty of the Italian Government, given May 13, 1871, enjoys extra-territorial rights. Interesting to visitors are the villas of the old and powerful Italian families, and the ruins of a villa of Domi- tian. Population, in 1901 (commune), 2316. CAS'TELL, Edmund (1600-85). An English Orientalist. He spent eighteen years in com- piling a lexicon of Hebrew, Chaldee, Syriac, Samaritan, Etliiopic, Arabic, and Persian, work- ing from sixteen to eighteen hours a day, and having fourteen assistants. The outlay was £12,- 000, which reduc<'d him to poverty, but his losses were in part compensated by a number of preferments, among them that of prebend of Canterbury. He was also made professor of Arabic at Cambridge. Castell assisted Dr. Wal- ton in the preparation of the polyglot Bible. CASTELLAMABE, kis-tel'la-mii'rft (It., sea castle). A leading city and seaport in south Italy, 17 miles southeast of Naples (Map: Italy, J 7). On account of its cool, healthy climate, delightful walks, sea-bathing, and sulphur springs, it is a summer resort of the Neapolitans, and a spring and autunm resort for foreigners. On the hill to the s(nith are the ruins of the castle to which the town owes its origin and its name — built in the Thirteenth Century by Em- peror Frederick 11. and made stronger with towers and walls by Charles I. of. jou. The Villa Qnisisana, now nmnicipal projierty and fitted up as a hotel, is on the site of a house erected by Charles II, of Anjou and occupied by King Ladislas and his sister .Toanna II. dur- ing the plague in Niiples. In 1820 Ferdinand T. restored the laiilding and gave it its present name. The park belonging to the villa is de- lightful, and from Moimt Coppola, up who.se slopes wind beautiful shady paths, is an en-