Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/330

* CASE-HARBENING. 280 CASERTA. fommonly so treated, bit the process is some- times applied to larj;e objects. Tlie articles are first foriiK'd. and being heated to redness, are sprinkled with a little powdered yellow prussiate of potash, and heated again. The result is that tile heat decomposes the pnissiale of potash, and the liberated carbon combines with the inm, forming a coating of steel on the surface of the articles. A former mode of case-hardening was to heat the articles, along with some animal mat- ter, such as the parings of horns and a little common salt, from a half-hour to several hours. After being treated as described the articles were cooled in cold water, or in oil when they were of a delicate nature. Charcoal alone is also em- ployed. The coating of steel is very thin, seldom exceeding one-si.tecnth of an inch. Where a thicker coating is necessary, the articles are treated several times. CASEIIf, ka'se-in (T.at. rrisriin, cheese). An organic compound allied to albumin, found in the milk of the mammalia. The proportion of casein in milk varies, but averages about 3 per cent., and it may be coagulated and separated there- from by the addition of acetic acid or of a little rennet, as in the manufacture of cheese (q.v.). In either case the casein separates as curd, which still retains attached to it some oil and salts, though the greater portion of these sub- stances, along with the sugar, remains in the watery liquid or whey. The elementary bodies which enter into the composition of casein, and the proportion in which these are present in 100 parts, are — carbon, 53.83; hydrogen, 7.15; nitrogen, 15.65; oxygen, 22.52; and sulphur-, 0.85. Casein is not atlected by heat as readily as other albuminoid substances; it is not coagu- lated below the temperatures of 130°-150° C. Jt forms insoluble precipitates with solutions of tile poisonous salts, acetate of lead, nitrate of ."ilver. and bichloride of mercury (corrosive sub- limate), and hence the ellicacy of taking large doses of milk in cases of poisoning by those salts, as the casein in the milk, forming an in- soluble compound with the poison, keeps it from exerting its deadly jiowers. A compound of casein with lime is now exten- sively used in dyeing and calico-printing as a substitute fin- albumin for the ])urpose of fixing certain mineral colors. The c(jnipound is pre- jiared by dissolving casein in dilute ammoni.a and adding lime to the solution. Solutions of casein, together with borax, in water, have been used as a substitute for gum arable. See Pko- TKIX. CASE IS ALTERED, The. A comedy by Ben .Tonson. pro<luced in the winter of 15!)8-9!l. and printed in (|uarto in lOOO, and in folio in l(i!l2. Its sources are the Captivi and the Aulu- laria of Plautus. 11 received high praise from the author's contemporaries, but soon lost its appeal to the public. Consult Symonds, Life of lien Joiison ("English Worthies" series, Lon- don, ISSii). CASELLI, ka-sel'lc, OioVAXXl (1815-!)1). An Italian ]ihysicist, born in Siena. He was an active popularizer of science, and established La Jtccrenzione, a popular journal of physical science; but he is remembered chieny as the in- ventor of a form of electific telegraph, the 'pantele- graph,' which for years was in use in France. CASE 'MATE (Fr., perhaps from It. casa, house, chainlier ~- matta, fem. of mullo, mad, weak; provinciallj', dark; or possjbly connected with Sp. malar, to kill, from Lat. mactarc. to slaughter). Originally the loop-holed gallery of a bastion, constructed so that lire could be directed on an enemy with the niaxiinum of ell'cct and the minimum of risk. With the ad- vent of shells, the term came to be aiiplied to the bomb-proof vaults of fortresses or defenses, used for shelter jmrposes only. Casemate bat- teries are bomb-proof vaults or galleries, con- taining embrasures for the guns. The most widely known examjiles of casemate batteries are in the British fortress of Gibraltar (q.v.). See Fortification ; Siege anh Sikge Works. In the latter article will be found illustrations of .casemates in trenches. CASEMENT (abbreviation of incascment, from OK. enca.sscment, casing, from Lat. capsa, box, from capere, to hold ) . A frame, or sash, with hinges to open and shut, forming the whole or part of the glazing of a window. German and English easements are made to open outward, and this is the usual form in the United States. French casements have two meeting leaves and open inward ; they are used principal- ly as doors opening on balconies or verandas. Also a name for a deep, hollow, circular molding, similar to the scotia of classical and the raietto of Italian architecture. The casement is very prevalent in the perpendicular style of (iothie architecture (q.v.) and is sometimes enriched with running foliage. CASERTA, ka-sei-'ta. An episcopal city in south Italy, capital of the Province of Caserta, and a military centre (Map: Italy, J G). It is 21 miles nortli of Naples, of which it might be called the Versailles or the Potsdam. The an- cient town (Caserta Vecchia), founded in the Eighth Century by the Lombards, is on the slope of a. hill and contains .several deserted palaces and the Twelfth-Century Church of San jMichele; the modern town (Caserta Xuova) is on lower ground. Opposite the railway station is the famous but now unoceu]iied royal palace, built by King Charles 111. and designed by Vanvi- telli. to whom, in 187!), a marble statue was erected by Onofrio Biiccini. This magnificent edifice, the construction of which was begun in 1752, forms with its four courts a huge rectangle, whose south side is 830 feet long and 134 feet high, and has 37 windows in each story. Through the middle of the rectangle runs a splendid ccdonnade 541 feet long, from the cen- tre of whiili rises the beautiful marble stairway with 111) ftcjis. The chapel of the palace is richly decorated in marble, imitation lapis lazuli, and gold, and contains the '•Presentation in the Temple" by Mengs, an altar-piece by Bonito, and five paintings by Conca. The theatre of the palace has 40 boxes and 12 Corinthian columns of African marble from the palace of Serapis at Pozzuoli. Surrounding the rect- angle are gardens laid out in tlie English fashi(m and containing spleudiil waterfalls, foun- tains, statues, and hedges. Water for the gar- ■ den is brought 20 miles from Mount Taburno by an aque<Iuct which crosses the Maddaloni Val- ley on a daringly constructed bridge, 1700 feet long and 190 feet high. In the botanical gardens trees from the colder north have been success-