Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/320

* CABXJS. 272 CAKVEB. gery in Dresden. Following are the most impor- tant of his numerous piiblicatiims: Lehrbuch dcr Gijniikoloyie (2 vols., 1820) ; ICrliiutcrungstafehi zur vcrglcichenden Anutoiiiie ( IS^O-;").)) : dniiid- ciige dcr rcrgleichenden Amitomie mid I'ln/siolo- yie (3 vols., 1828) ; Hystem dcr J'hysiologie (2d ed., 1817-4!)) ; Erfahriiiigsresultale aus <ir:t- lichen Stiidien iind iir^tlicheni Wirken (1850); Uebcr Lebensmagneiismus (18.57); Lebenseriti' iieningen und Denkiriirdigkeiteii (4 vols., isc.-.-iiii). CA'RUS, lilAKCUS Al-RELIUS ( ?-283). Em- peror of Rome from 282 to 283. Of IMvrian ori<;in, he had held many civil and. military positions when the Km]H'rnr Probiis made him protorian prefect in 2S2 : and soon after, at the sissassination of Probus. lie was chosen Emperor by the h'jiions. He at once made his sons, Carinus and Numerianus. Ca'snrs. He was successful in campaigns apainsl the Sarmatians and the Par- thians. but died near Ctesiphon in Auf;nst, 283. CARVAJAL, Fr.xcisco. See Carbajal. CARVAJAL, kiir'va-HaK, Gaspar de ( ? - 1584). A Spanish missionary, born in Estrema- dura. As a member of the Dominican Order he went as a missionary to Peru in 1533. Wlien Gonzalo Pizarro orji.inizcd liis expedition to east- ern Peru. C'arvajal was selected as liis chaplain. Afterwards he became sub-]irior of the convent of San Kosario, Lima, but later devoted himself to the conversion of the Indians in Tucuman. He eventually obtained the supreme ecclesiastical jurisdiction in that territory and greatly encour- aged missionary labor and the development of colonization. The establishment of many Indian and Spanish settlements is ascribed to his in- fhicnce. CARVAJAL, 1 ir'va-Hal', or CARBAJAL, kilr'na-Hal', Tomas Jose Gonzales (1753-1834). A Spanisli poet and statesman. He was educated in Seville. He held a number of oflices of impor- tance, and in 1812 became director of the Uni- versity of San Isidro, where, by establishing a chair of international law, he offended the Gov- ernment, and was imprisoned for live years. He was reinstated by the Revolution of 1820, but forced into exile by the counter-revolution three years later. He died a member of the supreme council of war. Carvajal obtained celebrity as the author of metrical translations of the poeti- cal books of the Bible, and for other works in prose and verse. CARVALHO, kiirvii'Iyo, Josfi da Sii-va (17821845). A Portuguese statesman, borr in Oastelbranco (Beira). Ennn 1817 he was busily devising methods for the accomplishment of national freedom: was Minister of .Justice under John VI.. and was again and again proserilied. Having taken prominent part in the restoration of Dom Pedro, he was intrusted by that monarch with the portfolio of finance. On the occasion of the revolutionary reaction in favor of the Consti- tution of 1820, lie was compeUed to go into exile, but in 1842 returned, assisted in the reestablish- ment of the Constitution of Dom Pedro, and was appointed a euuiiiibu' of State. CARVALHO, kiir-va'lyo, Marie Caroline Ffti.ix MioLAN ( 1827-05). A French singer, born at Marseilles. She entered the Conservatory of ]Iusic in Paris, and took the first prize. 1847. Her debut was made at the Opf^ra Comique. where her voice, though small, bad all the won- derful phrasing that afterwards made her one of the greatest singers of lier time. In 1850 she married M. Carvallio, wlio took the direction of the Theatre Lyrique, and there she sustained a inmiljer of rok'S, parlicuhirly Cherubino in Lc Mtiritigr de figuru. Zerlina in hoii ■hum, ,luli- ette, and ^larguerile. In 1885 she left the stage. CARVEL-BUILT. See Boat. CAR'VER, JOHX (e.l575-lG21). A leader of tlic Pilgrim Fathers, and the first Governor of Plymouth Colony. He was burn in England, probably in Nottinghamshire, but with others removed to Holland in 1G07 or 1008, on account of religious persecution, and in 1017 was sent by his companions, with. Robert Cushman, to make arrangements with the Virginia Company for tlic establisliment of a colony in America. A patent was finally secured by Bradford and Cusliman, in lOU), and with 100 other colonists Carver .set sail from PlTOiouth on Septenil)er (J of the fol- lowing year. Wlicn the famous Compact ef Government was drawn up in the I'ape Cod Bay, Carver, who had probably already acted as Governor under the provisions of the charter for the calendar year about to close, was confiriiied in this position, and during the hardsliips and privations of the next few months did much to encourage his associates and to promote tlic suc- cess of the Colony. On March 23, 1821. he was elected Governor of Plymouth for a second term, but died of a sunstroke in the following month. CARVER, .ToxATiiAN (1732-80). An Ameri- can traveler. He was born in Stillwater, Conn., studied medicine for a time, served in tlic Colonial army throughout the Frenc'i and Indian Wau, and after the conclusion of peace in 1703 resolved to explore the territory beyond the Mississippi acquired by Great Britain from France, and to proceed, if possible, as far as the Pacific Ocean. He started from Boston in .June, 1700, ])roceeded to ilichilimaekinac. 1300 miles away, arranged with the Governor there to fur- nish him at an early date with needed supplies at the Falls of Saint Anthony, and then passed W'estward along the Fox and iseonsin rivers to the Mississippi, but the promised sup[dies not having been sent to the Falls of Saint Anthony, he spent some time with the '"Xaudowessies of the Plains" (Sioux), explored much of the territory in the present State of Minnesota, and in Octo- ber, 1708, again reached Boston, after having traveled fully 7000 miles, visited twelve nations of Indians, and made many geograplih'al discov- eries of considerable value. He went to England in 1700 to publish his journal, but failed to .secure the expected assistance from the (iovern- nient, and having spent his whole fortune to further his explorations, was forced to earn a livelihood as a hack-writer. Finally, in 1778, the first edition of his book appeared under the title. Three Years' Trarels Thruiighnul the In- terior Parts of Xorth Ameriea. It had a wide sale, a number of editiims were ]niblislied. and translations were eventually made into French and German. '"As a contribution to the history of inland discovery upon this continent." says Tyler, "and especially to our materials for true and precise information concerning the manners, customs, religion, and language of the Indians, Carver's book of 'Irdrcls is of iiusiirpassed value. Boshles its worth for instrtiction is its worth for delight; we have no other Indian book more cap-