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* CABTIER. 268 CARTOON. of France. The next year, with another fleet, under the roval conuu'issioii, he sailed up the Kaint Lawrence. Leaving his ships moored near the Indian viUage of Stadacona, on the site of the modern Quebec, Cartier, with a few follow- ers pushed on to the fortified village of Iloche- la"a. which lav at the foot of an imposing lull caUed bv the explorer Mount Royal ( ilont real ) . The late season — it was October — made it im- prudent to proceed farther. He returned to his ships and spent the winter, amid much suttering from cold and illness among his crew. V hen sprin"- came the adventurers sailed for homCj takin" with them the Indian chieftain of Stada- cona.'vhom they had kidnapped. Cartier s ac- count of this vovage has survived, and is known as the liref Rrrit. European complications ab- sorbed the immediate attention of the French Kinf, but four vo-ars later (1540) he sent out to the New World Jean Franeois de la Roche, sieur de Roberval, as viceroy. Cartier was made captain-general and pilot of the fleet. Owing to some delav in the equipment of the expedi- tion Cartier" set sail with but three ships, in Mav 1541. After waiting for Roberval m vain for" six weeks on the coast of Xewfoundland, he proceeded up the Saint Lawrence, and in August found himself once more at Stadacona He^fortified a position near Cape Rouge, and called the post Charlesbourg. Two of his ships were sent back to meet Roberval. concerning whose movements the evidence is confused when not contradictorv. What seems certain i* that the viceroy and his fleet were cflf Newfoundland in June. 1542, and that he there met with Car- tier who was returning to France after the winter at Charlesbourg. taking with him what he erroneously supposed to be gold ore. He had seen little of the Indians during the winter. Cartier was well received by his sovereign, who presented him with a manor near his native town. Lescarbot tells us that Cartier made a later voyage to rescue Rober'al ; but if so, no data exist respecting it. The principal authority concerning Cartier is Francois Jouon des Lon- grais, Jacjues Cartier (Paris, 1888), which con- tains the important documents throwing light on liis career. For shorter biogranhies of Cartier, consult: .Joseph Pope (Ottawa, 1890) : Hiram E. Stephens (Montreal. 1890) ; and N. E. Dionne (Quebec, 1889). The Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada (Ottawa, 1897) contain sev- eral important studies of the route and the exact localities visited by Cartier. CARTILAGE (Fr., from Lat. cartilago, gristle). . lirm elastic substance, of a pearly whiteness, presenting to the miaided eye a uni- form and homogeneous appearance. Cartilages may be divided into the temporary, the perma- tient, and the accidental. The teinporari/ carti- lages are substitutes for bone in the earlier periods of life, and after a certain time be- come replaced by bone. (See Bone.) At birth the extremities and larger eminences of the long bones and the margins of the flat bones are still cartilaginous, and this cartilage docs not alto- gether disai)pcar till the period of iniberty. The peruiancni cartilages are either artinilar or non- articular. Articular cartilages are attached to the extremities of bones, and enter into the formations of joints. yoii-arlicular cartilages are usually more flexible than the articular. They are sometimes attached to bones, to len""lhen them out, as, for instance, in the nose, or the auditorv canal. (See E.XR.) In other cases they form the bases of distinct organs, as the larynx, the trachea, and the eyelids. Accidental cartilaWs are cartilaginous concretions, which are occ^isionallv found in situations where they do not normallv occur, and are of no general interest. The phvsical properties of cartilages, especiallv their elasticity, resisting power, and incapabiiitv of extension, are such as to fit them admirably "for the functions which they have to perform in the animal economy. Cartilage belongs to the group of tissues termed connective tissues. The matrix or inter- cellular portion of cartilage is dense and firm, and the difl'erent varieties of cartilage arc recog- nized bv the nature of the matrix. In the variety called hiialin cartilaitc, the matrix is apparently homo"eneous. though Leidy has shown that it 13 reallv composed of bundles of fine fibrous con- nective tissue. Lving in this matrix are the cartilage-cells. Tli"ese are oval or irregular, trranular, nucleated bodies, and are arranged sin- Slv, in pairs, or in fours. The cartilage-cell or" group of cells is surrounded by a clear cell- space. Hyalin cartilage is the form of cartilage which ma"kes up the skeleton in the embryo, and in which the bones of the body with the exception of the head and face are developed. In the adult it is found as articular cartilage, the car- tilaaes of the nose. Eustachian tube, larynx, trac^iea, bronchi, costal cartilages, etc. In the variety called iihro-cartilage, the matrix is com- posed" of fibrous connective tissue, in which are inbedded the cartilage-cells. These cells may occur singly or are more commonly arranged in rows of tAX'O or more, lengthwise of the bundles of fibres. Fibro-cartilage is found in the inter- vertebral disks, and aroun<l the edges of some ioints In the varietv called elastic cartilage, the matrix is rich in elastic fibres, giving the tissue a glistening yellow appearance. The cells are situated in cell-spaces and may occur singly or in pairs, resembling the arrangement noted in hvalin cartilage. Some of the smaller cartilages of the bodv are of this variety, the epiglottis, part of the Eustachian tube, the external ear- cartilage, the arvtenoid cartilages, etc. Consult Stiihr, Text-Boob of Histology (Philadelphia, 1901). CARTILAGriNOtrS FISHES. See Elas- MoBRANcini ; Fish. CARTOG'KAPHY. See Map; Ch.*.rt; and SURVKVIXd. CAR'TOMAN'CY. See Superstitiok. CAR'TON, SynNEY. A character in Dickens's Talc of Tiro Cities, the friend of ("harles Darnay, for whom he renounced his love for Lucy Manette, and ill who-e stead he was guillotined. CARTOON' (Fr. carton, from Lat. carlo, paper). A design on strong paper, of the full size of a work to be afterwards executed in fresco, oil, tapestry, mosaic, or stained glass. The object of the artist in preparing a cartoon is to adjust th.e drawing and comiiosition of his subjc(-t in circumstances in which alterations can be ellected with facility, before proceeding to the execution of the work itself. Cartoons are gener- allv composed of a number of slieets of stout iiaiier pasted together at the edges, and stretched on a frame. The cartoon, when finished, is trans-