Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/307

CARRON. about one mile from Falkirk (Map: Scotland, E 41. It is celebrated lor its iron- works, which were established in ITdO. and are among the largest of the kind in Britain. The town gives its name to the obsolete curronade, a short can- non formerlv used in naval service. Population, 1500.

CARRONADE ( from the Scotch village Car- Ton). A short, li,i;lit gun of relatively large bore, which was carried by men-of-war about the beginning of the Xinetecnth Century. The size of the sliot used made thiiii useful in close en- gagements, but they had slight range and little l^enetrative power. See Okd.xance; Guns, Xaval.

CARRON OIL. A mixture of equal parts of liuiewatcr and linseed oil. employed as a dressing for burns. Its name is derived "from that of the iron-works in England at which its reputation was made. Its efficiency is due to the sedative ef- fects of alkalies, together with the sheathing of oily substances which prevents access of air. Car- ron oil is a soapy, thick, and inelegant mixture. The same results which follow its use may be obtained from the use of a solution of bicarbonate of soda and a thin smearing of vaseline. Many better dressings have about superseded carron oil. See Burns and Scalds.

CARROT (Fr. carot[t]e, Lat. caroia, probably from Gk. Kapwrbv, karoton, carrot), Daucus. A genus of plants of the natural order Umbelliferse. They are mostly natives of Europe. The common carrot {Daucus carota) is a biennial plant. The wild form is a bad weed. It has a slender, woody root of a very strong Havor. The improvement of the species is thought to have begun in Holland. It was in- troduced into England at the beginning of the Sixteenth Century, and is now in general, though not extensive, cultivation as a stock food and for culinary purposes. The roots have a yellow, white, or reddish color. The culina-ry sorts are generally small, mature early, and vary as much in form as do radishes. The stock carrots have a long, tapering root, and generally mature late, making their best growth during the cool weath- er of fall. For illustration, see Taxsy plate. Carrots for the table may be sown as soon as the weather is settled in the spring, in rows 1 to 2 feet apart, and the plants thinned to 2 to 3 inches in the row. A ricli. sandy loam soil is best. The early crop requires about the same cultivation as do radishes. At maturity the roots are bunched and marketed like radishes. Carrots for stock are planted in the field in April or May, in rows IS inches to 2 feet apart, and the plants thinned to 3 to -I inches. They are cultivated, han-csted, and stored like stock beets. For illustration, see Dicotyiedoxs.

Feeding and Food Value.—Carrots contain, on an average, in addition to 88.0 per cent, of water, 1.1 per cent, of protein, 7.0 per cent, of nitrogen- free extract, 1.3 per cent, carbohydrate, and a little fat and ash. They are relished by horses, and serve well for other stock, especially dairy cows ; but are not very commonly fed to any great extent in this country. Like most roots, they are a very succulent feed. Carrots are often grown as a vegetable, and are served, boiled, with or without a cream or other sauce, or seasoned in a variety of ways. As ordinarily prepared for the table, the refuse (skin, etc.) constitutes about 20 per cent, of the whole root. When carrots are boiled in water, there is usu- ally a considerable loss of nutritive material, consisting of sugar and other sul)stanees extract- ed by the water. If the whole carrots are cooked quickly, or cut in large pieces, the loss is less- than is otherwise the case. Carrots contain a golden-yellow coloring matter which is used to some extent as a butter-color (q.v.).

CARROUSEL, ka'roo'sel' (Fr., a tilting- mateh, from It. carosello, tournament, for r/aro- sello, from tjaroso, quarrelsome, gara, strife, from guerra, war, OHG. wcrn ; connected by popular etTOiology with It. carricello, little car, diminu- tive of carro, car). Originally, a species of knightly exercise, which, even down to the beginning of the Eighteenth Century, was very common at all the courts of Europe, A carrousel was a kind of imitation of the tour- nament, and for a time after the discontinu- ance of the latter seems to have sup[)lied its place. The dresses, for the most part, were those of the knights of former times, and the combatants (or, rather, competitors) were di- vided into two parties, usually according to their diflerent nationalities. One of the f;'- vorite exorcises in France consisted in runnings at the pasteboard head of a iloor or Turk with a lance, cutting it down with a sword, or firing at it with a pistol. Another of these tests of skill and horsemanship, if not of courage, con- sisted in carrying off on a lance a whole line of rings, which were suspended for the purjjose. The carrousel in France was not known earlier than the reign of Henry IV. ; but it had existed for some little time previously in Italy. There were brilliant carrousels under Louis XIII., and two celebrated ones were given in honor of ilade- moiselle de la Valliere — the one in Paris in 1662, the other in Versailles in 1664. The place where the first of these fetes was held has ever since been called the Place du Carrousel. A re- vival of the carrousel was attempted in Berlin in 17.50, and in 1828 the cavalry school in Sau- mur held one in honor of the Duchess of Berry. In the I'nited States the name is applied to a 'merri'-go-round,' or movable platform fitted with wooden horses on which children ride.

CARRUTHERS, kar-roo'therz, or -ruTH'erz, Robert ( 17'jy-lS78). A Scotch journalist and miscellaneous writer. He was born in Dumfries, Scotland, and in early life was apprenticed to a bookseller. In 1828 he became editor, and in 1831 proprietor, of the Inverness Courier. He ia Ix'st known as the biographer and editor of Pope, his Poetical Works of Alexander Pope (18.53). in four volumes, with subsequent revisions, having been received with great favor. In collaboration with Robert Chambers he published the Vyelo- pwdia of L'nglifih Literature (1843-44). His works include, also, a History of nuntingdon, (1824), and an annotated edition of Boswell'a Journal of a Tour in the Hebrides (1851).

CARRUTHERS, (c.l800-e..50). An Aiuerican novelist, born in Virginia. He practiced medicine in Savannah, and wrote two romances dealing with Colonial times—The CavaHem of Virgitiia (1832), a tale of Bacon's Rebellion, and The Knights of the Horseshoe (1845), a tale dealing with Governor Spotswood's famous expedition. The latter book has been re-printed and is one of the best of the romances