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* CAKKABA. 251 Q/^UAlAfiXC'* into favor. The Hoiiians, whose tools are fre- quently discovered, tailed the stone Marmor tu- Hc/ise, from the city of Luni, whose ruins are north of Aveuza. Many foreign as well as Ital- ian sculptors have studied in Carrara to save the expense of transportation of marble in the rough. The United States is represented by a consular agent. Jlost of the buildings are of marble, and the churches of Sant' Andrea (Thir- teenth Century) and of the iXadonna delle Gra- zie have magnificent marble statues of Rossi, (Jaribaldi, and ilazzini. There is a museum containing niuuerous statues and Roman antiqui- ties, and also an academy of sculpture instituted by Napoleon. Most of the marble is shipped via Avenza, which has a small harbor and near which is a Fourteenth Century castle of Castruc- cio Castracani, with bold round towers and pinnacles. Population (commune), 1901, 42,097. CARKARA, kar-rli'ra, Fbancesco ( 1805-88) . An Italian writer on criminal law, born in Lucea. He became an instructor in criminal law at the University of Pisa, was a deputy in 186.5-70, and a Senator from 1870. He was a steadfast opponent of punishment by death. His most important work is Programma del corso <li diritto criminale (13 vols., 1879-86). His other publications include Opuscoli di diritto criminale (7 vols., 1878-80), and Lineamcnti di praiica leyiMatira penale (2d ed., 1882). CARRATRACA (kar'ra-tra'ka) SPRINGS. A health resort of Prescott County, Ontario. Canada, on the Ottawa River, 40 miles east of Ottawa (Map: Ontario, H 2). It is much fre- quented for the beneficial alterative effects of its mineral springs. CARRE. ka'nV, Michei, ( 1819-72 ). A French dramatist, born in Paris. In 1841 he published a volume of verse. Folks rimes et poemes, which was followed by several dramas, including La jeunesse de Luther (with Odeon, 1843) and Hcaramouche et Pascariel (1847). After 1849 he collaborated with Jules Barbier in the composi- tion of numerous comedies, and librettos for vaudevilles and operas. Their joint productions include (Jalathce (1852) : Lc pardon de Ploermel (1859); Faust et Marguerite (1850): La reine de Saba (1862): and Mignon (1862). With ■others he wrote the librettos of Van Dyck a Lon- 4res (1848, with Xarrey) ; Lalla-Iiouck (1802, with Hippolyte Lucas) ; and Le tourbillon, (18ii7. with Raimond Deslandes). CARREL, ka'rel', Xicolas Armais'D (1800- 36). A French journalist and republican leader. He was born in Rouen, was educated in the mili- tary school of Saint Cyr, and served for some years in the army. He then went to Paris, where he became the secretary of Augustin Thierry. In 1830, in connection with Thiers and Mignet. he became editor of the Xational, the most spirited and able of the journals opposed to the Govern- ment of Charles X. His colleagues having en- tered the Government of Louis Philippe, he was left to conduct the Xational himself, which he •did with a spirit and a freedom such as had not been witnessed in France for many years. His attacks on more than one occasion checked the arbitrary' power the Government attempted to exercise, and gained for him the admiration and esteem of the popular party. Government perse- cutions followed his outspokenness, and heavy fines were laid upon him; but these were paid Vol. IV.— 17. by public subscription, and each conviction only made his journal more popular. Carrel, however, dreaded a revolution as much as he hated despo- tism, and had no sympathy with many of those who looked up to him as a leader. He was mortally wounded in a duel with Emile de Gi- rardin, who had made a violent attack on his per- sonal character. His principal articles were repub- lished by Littre, under the title (Euvres politiques et littcraires (5 vols., 1854-58). CARBENO, kar-ra'nyo, Tekesa (1853—). A Venezuelan pianist, born in Caracas. She stud- ied first under her father, who was an amateur musician, and in 1802 appeared at a concert in >'ew York, where slie attracted the attention of Gottschalk, who taught her his own compositions. Later she was a pupil of Mathias in Paris. She has played with great success in the chief cities of Europe and the United States. Carreiio mar- ried and was divorced from Emile Sauret, the violinist, the baritone Tagliapietra, and Eugene il'Albert, the pianist. In 1902 she married the younger broiiier of her second husband. A woman of many talents, she has composed a string quartet, piano pieces of the salon order, and the Venezuelan national hymn : she has won admiration as a concert singer, and, while man- aging an opera company, successfully wielded the baton during the absence of the conductor. The chief traits of her playing are brilliancy, dash, and masculine vigor, for which she gained the appellation of 'the Valkyr of the piano.' The softer qualities are not greatly in evidence, but her intellectual grasp and breadth of interpreta- tion place her among the greatest living pianists of both sexes. CARRENO DE MIRANDA, da me-riin'da, Jt"AX (Itil4-S5). A Spanish painter, born at Aviles, in Asturias. He studied in Madrid under I'edro de Las Cuevas and Bartolome Roman, and became Court painter to Philip IV. and Charles II. He is praised for his design and his color, which is surpassed only by Murillo. He left many pictures, most of which are in the galleries and churches of Spain. With Francisco Rizi he painted the cupola of San Antonio de los Por- tugueses, and a celebrated '"Magdalen" at the Convent de las Recogidas. CARRER, kar'rer, LriGi ( 1801-50) . An Ital- ian poet. Abandoning the law for literature, he supported himself for a time as proof-reader and typesetter in a printing-office, but later became successively secretary of the Istituto Veneto, pro- fessor of belles-lettres in the Scuola Tecnica, and director of the Museo Correr. Ill health, aggravat- ed by unfortimate domestic relations, resulted in his death at the age of 49. Carrer's literary zeal and activity bore fruit in many diflferent fields. His prose writings include a study of the life and writings of Goldoni.and a valuable biography of Foscolo. He planned an ambitious liiJiHoteca Clas- fiicaofthe best Italian writers, to be complete in one himdred dainty volumes. Of theseonly twenty- seven were publislied, but they were praised for wise selection and the excellence of their intro- ductions. Carrer's poems include ballads, hynuis, idylls, odes, sonnets, epigrams, and tragedies. In forms of verse, he adhered to classic models, and was a close follower of Foscolo; in the choice of subjects, he approached more nearly to the romanticists. His most successful poems are in the form of odes and ballads. His most widely