Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/285

CAROLINE. ].eate(lly deiiianded redress on the pround that the Canadians had invaded its territory in time of peace. The ditliculty came to a crisis in the ct>«rse of the same year when a Canadian named McLeod, who had boasted of jiarticipating in the affair, was tried in New York. The ISritish Ministry threatened war in case he were not reU>ased. hut his trial was nevertheless con- tinued, and his acquittal alone |)r€>vented serious trim!>le between the two governments.

CAROLINE. Ameua Elizabeth (176S-1S21). t,)ucen ol tiiiirge IV. of England. She was the second daughter of Charles William Fer- dinand, Duke of Bninswick-Wolfenbiittel, and Princess Augusta of Britain, sister of (Jcorge HI. She was born on May 17, 1768, and on April 8, 17!)5, was married to the Prince of Wales, who, with no love for his cousin, con- sented to the union for the sake of liquidating his debts. She sotm complained of his intimacy with Mrs. Fitzherbert and Lady .Jersey. The King sought to reconcile the royal pair: but after the birth of their daughter, Princess Char- lotte, January, 1796, the Prince of Wales de- serted his wife. She received public sympathy and support, especially when official attempts were made to discredit her. In 1814 she ob- tained leave to travel, and lived in Italy for some time, but acted imprudently in showing favor to her courier, Bergami. and his family. A'hen her husband became King in 1820. she was offered an annuity of foO.OOO sterling to re- nounce the title of Queen and live abroad: but she refused, and made a trimnphal entry into London, whereupon the Government instituted proceedings for divorce on a charge of adultery. Indiscreet conduct was proved : but the manner in which she had been used by her husband, and the splendid defense of Brougham, caused such a feeling in her favor that the Ministry aban- doned the divorce bill, after it had passed the House of Lords. She assumed the rank of royalty, but was repulsed from Westminster -Abbey when she insisted on her right to corona- tion with her husband, .July 29, 1821. Xine days afterwards she died. In direct disregard of the King's desire, the funeral procession, on its way to Brunswick, where Caroline was buried, passed through the city of London ; but not before lives had been lost in an encounter with the Life Guards at Hyde Park Corner. Consult : Memoirs of Queen Caroline, by Nightingale (London, 1820); Adolphus (London, 1821): Huish (Lon- don, 1821) ; Wilk (London, 1822) : also Gierke, Life of Her Majesty Queen Caroline (London, 1821).

CAROLINE BOOKS (Lat. Lihri Carolini). A work in four bouUs. drawn up, probably in 790, by the authority of Charles the Great, against the decrees of the Iconoclastic Council of 754, and of the Second Council of N'ieiea, in 787. The latter had been translated into Latin incorrectly, and the author of the Caroline Books supposed that they ordered the same worship to be paid to the images as to the Trinity. The Caroline Books reject both iconoclasm :>nd the worship of images. The author is unknown. Consult Hefele. History of the Councils, Vol. 111., Book 20, Chap. 2 (Freiburg, 187:5-90).

CAROLINE ISLANDS. A group of small and widely -ciitt.rcd islands in the Pacific Ocean, extending from the equator to about latitude 10° X. and from about longitmlc 1,')6° to about 164° E. (Map: Australasia, G 2). They number about 525, including reefs and uninhabited rocks, and their area is estimated at 560 square miles. They are mostly low and of coral formation, and their soil is not above the average in fertility. The main islands of the group are Kug, or Hogolu, Ponajic, and Strong. The chief product is copra, while some of the islands also yield shells. The commerce is mostly in the hands of the German Jaluit Company, which has stations on almost every imi)ortant island. .Administratively the group is a part of the German New tiuinea Protectorate. The popula- tion of the Caroline Islands is estimated at 3U.000, and consists chiefly of Micronesians, with about 900 Europeans. Most of the natives have been converted to Christianity. They are well developed physically and mentally, a "little shorter than the eastern Polynesians, and dolichocephalic. The ruins of stone structures on the islands of Ponape, Lalla, etc., are by some writers (e.g. Christian,- in 1893) need- lessly attributed to a 'black race,' predeces- sors of the present occupants. These "famous' ruins are doubtless remains of the works of the forefathers of the people now inhabiting the archipelago, for elsewhere, as in Tonga, Easter Island, etc., the Polynesians have demonstrated their ability to surpass these achievements. The Carolines were discovered in 1525 by the Portu- guese Diego da Rocha, and further explored during the Seventeenth Century by the Spanish admiral Francisco Lazeano, who gave to the group its present name in honor of King CTiarles II. In the beginning of the Eighteenth Century the group was entirely abandoned by Spain, and it was not until the beginning of the Nineteenth Century that the existence of the Caroline archipelago was again brought to the attention of the civilized world by a number of scientific expeditions. At length German com- mercial interests became paramount in the Carolines, and the hoisting of the German flag over Yap in 1SS5 called forth the protest of Spain. A settlement reached in the same year, with the Pope as an arl>itrator, recognized Spain's claim to the archipelago, but conferred special privileges on Germany. In 1899 the Caroline, Pelew. and the Ladrone groups (except Guam), were ceded to Germanv in con- sideration of the sum of 16.750,000 marks (about .$3,300,000). Consult: Christian, The Caroline Islands (London, 1899) ; Otto Finseh, Karolinen untl Marianen (Hamburg, 1900); id., Anthropo- loqische Ergebnisse einer Ileise in der iSiidseo (Berlin. 1883).

CAROLINE MATILDA (1751-75). Queen of Denmark and Norway. She was the youngest child of Frederick, Prince of Wales, and in 1766 married Christian ML, by whom she became the mother of Frederick VI. The King was a youth of feeble character, and by self-indulgence had reduced himself almost to a state of imbecility. From the first he treated the Queen with coldness. In the course of time she became involved in an amour with Struensee, the Court physician. who at the .same time was a favorite with the King, and was appointed Cabinet Minister and created a count ( 1771 ). Early in 1772, as the result of a Court intrigue, the Queen and Struensee were arrested, each confessed guilt, and Struensee was executed. The royal marriage