Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/284

CAROB. CAR'OB, AuiAitoitA. or Locust-Tree (It. car- riiho. from Ar. kharn'ih. bpaii-pods) {Ceiatoiiiii xiliiiiia). A tree of the natural order Ijcgu- iiiinos.'r, a native of the countries around tlic Mediterranean Sea. in siz<^ and manner of <;rovlli mucli resemblinjr the apple-tree, but with abrupt- ly pinnate, dark, evergreen leaves, which have two or three i)airs of large oval leallets. The flowers are destitute of corolla : the fruit is a brown, leathery pod 4 to 10 inches long and an inch or so wide, a little curved, and containing gummy pulp, of an agreeable, sweet taste, in which lie a number of shining brown seeds, some- what resembling small tlattened beans. The seeds are bitter and of no use, but the sweet pulp renders the pods an important article of food to the poorer classes of the countries in which the tree grows, as they contain as much as (iO i)cr cent, of sugar. They are very much used by the Moors and Arabs. They are also valuable as food for horses and cattle, for which they are much employed in the south of Europe, and have of late years begun to be extensively imported into tireat Britain under the nan-e of locust-beans or Saint John's bread. The Arabs make of the l>ulp of the carob a preserve like tamarinds, which is gently aperient, and also a kind of liquor. The carob-trce is too lender for the climate of Great Britain. Its introduction into the north of India has been recommended as an important addition to the resources of that country and a valuable safeguard against famine. At the California Experiment Station the tree is highly thought of for its shade. It grows well in dry, rocky situations, and is considered a valuable acquisition. It will not stand frost. The product is extremely abundant, some trees yielding as much as 800 or !)00 pounds of pods. The wood is hard and much valued, and the bark and leaves are used for tanning. The locust- tree (q.v. ) of . ierica is quite distinct from this.

CARO'BA. Sec .Jacara-NUA.

CAROL (OF. Carole, from Bret, koroll, dance. Gael, carull, melody, from car, bar of music, Ir. car, a turn, ultimately, perhaps, connected with Ir. carr, cart, Lat. riirniy-, cart). In the stricter sense, a ]iopular religious song intended to form part of the rejoicings connected with the great' Christian festivals. The kinship of the earlier English carols with similar French com- positions is evidenced by the frequent recur- rence in them of the refrain 'Nowell,' a variant of the Fr. A' or/, Christnuis (Lat. nutale, birth- day) : though they had a wide popularity in the Middle Ages on the Continent of Europe, they are especially associated with English tradition. Their use seems to have been at its height under the Tudors; the universal familiarity with them is shown by the sjH'ciiic prohibition in 1525, when Henry VIU. lay seriously ill, of "carols, bells, or merry-making." In 1.5(i2 license was given to Thomas Tysdale to print "certayne goodly Carowles to be songe to the glory of God." The Puritans, in their general onslaught on the observance of Christmas, when holly and ivy were made .seditions badges, attempted to abolish tbeni : but they came back with the Kestoration, and in Kifil appeared The eii; f'nrnls for the Mirrji Time of Christmas, to Sundry Pleasant Tunes. To this day it is the custom in many parts of England for troops of men and boys, known as 'waits,' to go about the villages for several nights be- fore Christmas, singing carols in the open air. As a rule, the best carols are the oldest, although one of the most popular, "While Sheiilicrils Watched Their Flocks by Night," was composeil in 1703 by no l)etter a poet than Nahum Tate, and the ancient spirit has been successfully caught in recent times by Swin- burne, William Morris, and John JIason Neale. The older carols, usually set to ])leasing and not dilTicult melodies, have the characteristics of popular poetry in general. They are simple, I)icturesque. and often childlike in their naivete to the point of seeming to i)er?ons of less un- sophisticated training to border on irreverence. A manuscript of the Fifteenth Century now in the British Museum (ed. Thomas Wright, Lon- don, 1847), contains a number of the most fa- mous early carols. The best collection, however, of both the ancient and modern types is Christ- mas Carols, Old and Xew (London, 1874), the words edited by H. R. liramley, and the music by Sir John Stainer.

CAROLAN, kar'ohin, or O'CAROLAN, 6- kiir'uUin, Tlrlogu, See O'Carolan, "Tub- LOGH.

CAROLANO, kil'r6-la'n6. A wild Malayan people in the mountains of Negros Island. See PlIILlrPINES.

CAROLINA, kii'rfi-h-'na, La. The capital of a district in the Province of .Jacn, Andalusia, Spain, on the southern range of the Sierra Morena, 30 miles northeast of .laen. It has lead and silver mining indust rics, vineyards, and olive plantations. The inliabitants, descendants of South Germans, who .settled here in 1780 un- der the ausi)ices of Count Olavides. the favorite of Charles III., exhibit i»ii interesting assimila- tion, their origin being easily discernible, al- though the Teutonic language has been re- placed by tlu' Spanish. Population, 1001, 975G.

CAROLINA, ka'rfile'na, Maria (1752- 1814). A daughter of Francis I., Emperor of Germany, and Maria Theresa of Austria, and t^ueen of Naples by her marriage with Ferdinand IV. in 17G8. She had great inlluence with the King, brought about the appointment of Sir John Acton as Prime Minister in 1784, and caused the King, in 1798, to join the coalition against France, the consecinence of which was the march- ing of the French upon Naples (17!)0) and the tlight of Ferdinand and Carolina. After return- ing to Naples. Carolina again conspired against Napoleon, and, with her husband, was, in 1800, dethroned and succeeded by Joseph Bonaparte. She died in Vienna.

CAROLINA (krirY,.li'na) ALLSPICE. See Cai.ycantiii'.s. CAROLINA PINK, See Spigelia,

CAR'OLINE, The. An American vessel, the seizure and destruction of which, off Grand Island, by a party of Canadians, on December 29, 1837, during the rebellion in Upper Canada, threatened to cause a war between the United States and Great Britain. The steamer had been used for carrying supplies to a party of insurgents on Navy Island, and Great Britain asserted in 1840 that its destruction was a legitimate act of war, while the United States re-