Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/282

CARNOCHAN. in case of neuralgia, the entire trunk of the sec- ond branch of the fifth pair of nerves. Dr. Carnochan added miwh to the renown of Amer- ican surgery. He was ])r<)fi'.ssor of the principles and practice of surgery in the New York Med- ical College, and health ollicer of the Port of Xew York. Besides numerous monographs of value on subjects connected with his profession, he published Trealise on Congenital Dislocations (ISoO), and Contributions to Operative Hurgery (1877-86).

CARNOT', kiir'no', (ISOl- SS). A French politician and journalist, the son of the 'Organizer of 'iclory.' He was born at Saint Oiiier. April (i. 1801. He studied for the law, but was debarred from practice for refusing to take the oatli of allegiance to the Bourbons. Turning to journalism, lie soon made a name for himself as a follower of Saint-Simon and his school, and became editor of Lfi Prudue- teur, a radical journal of 'the day, but after the July Revolution forsook Saint-Simonism to a certain extent. In 1839 he entered the (.hamber of Deputies as a representative fnmi Paris and remained until 1848, voting with the extreme Left. After the February Kevolution he accept- ed the post of Minister of Public Instniction, but held it only a few months. Elected to the Legis- lative As.sembly in Jlay, LS50, he took his place among the Repiiblieans opposed to the schemes of Louis Xapolcon. After the coup d'ftat he refused to swear allegiance to Napoleon, and though several times elected to the Legislative Assembly, did not take his seat until 1804. In 1869 he* was defeated in the electiims liy Gam- betta and by Henri Kochefort, but in 1871 he was choscm deputy from Seineet-Oise. ilade a life Senator in 1875, Carnot took a prominent ])art in the debates of the Upper House, and spoke for the last time in 1888, a few days after his son Sadi had been elected President of the Republic. He died March 16, 1888. He was the author of numerous magazine articles and re- views, the most important being Exjiosi de la doctrine Saint-Simonienne (1830); Mcmoires sur Carnot, par son fits (2 vols., 1861-64): La Revo- lution frnncaise (2 vols., 1867); Lazare Uoche (1874); and, with il. d'Angers. Mimoires de Bcrtrand JSarfre (4 vols., 1842-43). For his biography consult the Proceedings of the Acade- mie des Sciences, IMorales et Politiques (Paris, January, 1894); also Hubbard. I'ne famille r(- piiblicaiiic: Ics Carnot (Paris, 1888).

CARNOT, (1753-1823). A French strategist and mathematician. He was born at Nolay, and becanu-, in 1791, a member of the Legislative Asseuddy from Pas-de-Calais. In the Convention he voted for the death of Louis XVl. He was elected to the Committee of l'nl>lic Safety, intrusted with the chief direction of military all'airs, and greatly contributed to the success of the French arms. He displayed extraordinary ability in this position, alike as a strategist and as an organizer. He created fourteen armies, placed them under the command of competent generals, and inspired the troops with an ardor which made them irre- sistible. Though he endeavored to restrict the power of Robespierre, he was imjioached with others, after the Reign of Terror, but the charge was dismissed. Carnot became a member of the Directory in 1795, but having opposed the ex- treme measures of Barras, his colleague, he was suspected of being a royalist and sentenced to deportation in 1797. Having esea])cd to tier- many, he wrote his famous defense, in which he laid bare the character of his associates in the Directory. The Eighteenth Brunuiire brought him biu'k to Paris. Bonaparte made him Minis- ter of War in 1800. In this olliee he helped, by his energii-, skill, and fertility of administrative resource, to achieve the brilliant rcsidts of the Italian and South-tierman campaigns: so that to him was given the name of 'Organizer of Vic- tory.' Being unable to agree with Bonaparte, he resigned in the same year. In 1802 he became a member of the tribunate, in which capacity he voted against the establishment of the consulate for life and particularly against an empire. When the tribunate was aj)olished, he retired to private life and devoted himself to his studies. But when fortune ceased to favor Xajioleon he placed his services at his conunand in IS 14. The com- mand of Antwerp was given to him, and the city was heroically defended. During the Hundred Days he held office as Jlinister of the Interior. The title of Count was conferred upon liim. but he never bore it. After the second restoration he withdrew to Warsaw, aiul from thence to Magdebirg, where he died, August 3, 1823. Car- not's chief contribution to nuitliematieal science is a class of general tlu'orems on the projective properties of figures, which later formed the basis for the important works of Poncelet and others. Among his numerous writings on mathe- matics and military tactics are Essai sur les ma- chines en' general (1786); Reflexions sur la mctdphysique du calcnl infinitesimal (1797); and Qcometrie de position (1803). Consult Arago, "Eulogy of Carnot," in Vol. I. of Arago's CEuvres completes (Paris, 1854).

CARNOT, (1S37-94). Presichnt of the French Republic from 1887 to 1894. He was the son of Lazare Hippolyte Car- not, and was born at Limoges, August 11, 1837. He received a scientific education, became an engineer, and advani'cd rapidly in his profession, acquiring a considerable reputation as the con- structor of the large tulmlar bridge at Collonges- sur-Rhone. In 1870 he was stationed as Goveni- ment engineer at Amu'cy and in 1S71 Gambetta, who was then Jlinister of the Interior, made him the prefect of the Department of Seine In- ferieure. In this capacity he remlered impor- tant services to the (!overnnu>nt. but after the capitulation of Paris resigned his olliee and sat as a deputy from Cote d'Or in the Na- tional Assembly. There he took a prominent part in all discussions concerning the futiire form of government for France, voting always with the Kepublicans of the Left, for whom he acted as secretary. He lieeame a niendier of the new Chamber of Deputies in 1876. and in 1S77 was secretary to the Chamber, besides being prominent in connection with fhe Public Works Connnittee. In lSSO-81 he was Minister of Pub-' lie Works, and h<d(l the same olliee again in 1885, in the Brisson ^Ministry, in which he later acted as Minister of Finance. On December 3, 1SS7, he was elected to siuceed Gr<^vy as President of the Republic. In the perfornuince of the high functions of this office, Carnot won the respect of;)1! by his tact and ability. He passed un- scathed tlirough the Panama disclosures of 1892. His term of office was almost over when he was