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* CAKNELIAN. 233 CARNIVAL. in nodules of a blackish olive color, which turn red only after exposure to the heat of the sun for two years, the color gradually heconiing brighter and deeper. Artificial heat is sometimes substi- tuted for that of the sun's rays, but with less satisfactory results, as the stones frequently crack and seldom acquire a brilliant lustre. The blood-red varieties were greatly valued by the ancients, who executed beautiful engravings in carnelian. Among the extant specimens of this kind may be mentioned the portrait of Sextus Ponipeius in the Berlin collection, that of Helen in Vienna, and several in the British Museum. The carnelian is still used by lapidaries for seal rings. CARNERI, kar-na're. Bartholomaus vox ( 1821 — ) . An Austrian politician and writer, bom at Trent. In 1870 he was elected to the Austrian Chaml)er of Deputies, where, as a prominent Lib- eral, he retained a seat until 1890. His publica- tions include, besides some political nionogi-aphs, Gefiihl, Bcirusstseiii, M'ille (1S7G); Grundle- gung der Ethik (1881); Dcr moderne Mensch (1890: 5th ed., 1901) ; and a volume of Gedichte (2d ed., 1850). CARNICER, kar'ne-thar', Do.- Ramon (1789- 1855). A Spanish composer, born near Tarrega, in Catalonia. He studied in Barcelona under Francesco Queralt and Carlos Bagnor, organist in the cathedral there. Because of the disorgan- ized condition of Spain, due to the invasion of Xapoleon, he left his native country and did not return to it permanently until 1828, when he was made director of the Royal Theatre in Madrid. From 1830 to 1854 he was professor of composition at the Royal Conser-atory in Madrid. Among the works of Carnicer are Adela de Lusignaiw; Elena y Constantino: El Colon, Elena y Ualvina, (1829) ; and Colombo (1831). Besides these, he composed a goo'd deal of church music, and many songs and melodies of distinctly national char- acter. CAR'NIFEX FERRY. A ferry across the Gaulcy River, near the mouth of Meadow River, in Xicholas County, W. Va. Xear here, on Sep- tember 10, ISfil, "during the Civil War, an en- gagement occurred between a Federal force imder General Rosecrans and a Confederate force of 5000 under General Floyd. The former lost 17 killed and 141 wounded, while Floyd reported his casualties at only 20. During the night, how- ever, Floyd retreated across the Gauley. Consult Johnson and Buel (editors). Battles and Leaders of the Ciiil War, Vol. I. (New York, 1887). CAR'NIKT (Lat. caro, flesh), CtHsX.Oj- -in organic substance allied to xanthin and found in meat extract, from which it may be obtained in the form of small, irregular crystals, sparing- ly soluble in cold, but readily in hot water. To prepare camin from meat extract, the latter is dissolved and the solution is precipitated with a moderate quantity of baryta water, filtered, and basic ac-etate of lead is added to the filtrate; the lead precipitate is carefully extracted with hot water, and the solution thus obtained is treated with sulphuretted hydrogen to precipitate the lead; on filtering and concentrating the solution, camin crystallizes out after some time. By the action of chlorine or of nitric acid, carnin may be readily converted into apoxanthin. CAR'NIO'LA (Ger. Krain). An Austrian crownland, bounded by Carinthia and Styria on the north, Croatia on the cast, Croatia and Kiis- tenland on the south, and Kiistenlaud on the west (Map: Austria, D 4). It covers an area of 385G square miles. The surface of Carniola is mostly mountainous. The northern part is traversed by a portion of the Karawanken chain, while on the west it receives the Julian Alps, which form the chief mountain chain of Kiistenlaud. Carniola belongs chielly to the basin of the Save, which crosses its northern portion. In the south the main stream is tlic tUuk. There are not a few mountain caves and charming lakes. Although the proportion of productive land is very consid- erable (over 95 per cent.), arable land is scarce in Carniola on account of the numerous forests. The production of cereals is light. VegeUibles constitute a very prominent element in the diet of the inhabitants. Silk, flax, and grapes are culti- vated, and the exploitation of the forests is car- ried on extensively. The chief mineral is quick- silver, the mines of Idria being considered the most productive in Europe, with the exception of the Almaden mines in Spain. The other prominent minerals are iron and brown coal. The chief manu- facturing industries are the weaving of textiles and the making of leather goods. The trade is largely transit. Xearly 300 miles of railway lines, with Laibach, the capital, as the centre, facilitate the commerce of the croraland. The Diet of Car- niola is composed of the Bishop of Laibach, ten representatives of the landed aristocracy, eight representatives of the towns and industrial cen- tres, two representatives of the chambers of com- merce and industry of Laibach, and sixteen repre- sentatives of the rural communities. In the Lower House of the monarchy Carniola is represented liy eleven delegates, two from the landed aristocracy, three from the towns, five from the rural commu- nities, and one elected by the people at large. For internal administration, the crownland is divided into eleven districts, and the city of Laibach. There are about 350 elementary" schools (283 Slav), attended by over 75,000 children, or 89 per cent, of the total school population. Carniola had a population of 508.348 in 1900, against 498,958 in 1890, showing an increase of 1.9 per cent, for the decade. Xearly 94 per cent, of the people are Slovenes, and the remain- der consists of Germans, Serbo-Croatians, and Italians. Almost the entire population belongs to the Roman Catholic Church. The capital, Laibach, has a population of over 36,000. Carniola received its present name from the Slavonic Wends, who occupied tl'.o region after the fall of the Roman Empire. Charlemagne con- quered it and gave it to the Dukes of Friuli. From 972 it had margraves of its own, some- times called dukes, who possessed, however, only a part of the country. On the extinction of tho male line of the margraves, part of the territury passed to the Dukes of .Austria in the Tliirtecnth Century, and the remainder was acquired by (hem in the Fourteenth. From 1809 to 1813 it formed part of the French province of lllyria, and in 1 84 9 it became a crownland. CARNIVAL (It. carncvale, or carnovale; probably from Med. Lat. earnclernmen. a release from the llosh, but commonly derived by popular etymology from Lat. earni vale, farewell to flesh, or It. earnc vale, farewell, flesh ) . The days of revelry immediately before the beginning of I.ent. The origin of this celebration is almost as ob- scure as the derivation of the name, for which