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* CARNEGIE. 232 CARNELIAN. T^'nited States Steel Corporation. In this year he retired from business. Mr. Carnegie's benefactions liave exceeded in amount those of any other .Vmerican. In 1901 it was estimated that he had sfiven away .$40,- 000,000. Among his donation.s may be men- tioned: to the Carnegie Institute, Pittsburg, §10,000,000; to New York City, for the estab- lishment of branch libraries in the development of tlie public-library system, iJ.D.^OO.OOO ; to the Carnegie Institution, ashington, D. C, $10,- 000.000: to universities of Scotland, .$10,000,000; to the fund for the benefit of the emi)loyOs of the Carnegie Steel Company, .$5,000,000; to the public library of Saint Louis, Uo., $1,000,000. A large number of libi'aries in the United States, Canada, and England owe their existence or their improvement to him. His publications include .4/1 American Four-in-Uand in Britain (1S83); Hound the World (1884); Triumphant Democ- racy (1886); The Gospel of Wealth (1900); and Empire of Business (1902). CARNEGIE INSTITUTION. An institu- tion for research founded by Andrew Carnegie. It was incorporated on January 4, 1902, for the promotion of study and research, with power (a) to acquire, hold, and convey real estate and other property necessary for its purposes and to estab- lish general and special funds; (b) to conduct, endow, and assist investigation in any depart- ment of science, literature, or art, and to this end to cooperate with governments, universities, colleges, technical schools, learned societies, and individuals; (c) to appoint committees of ex- perts to direct special lines of research; (d) to publish and distribute documents; (e) to con- duct lectures; (f) to hold meetings; (g) to ac- quire and maintain a library; (h) and in gen- eral to do and perform all- things necessary to promote the objects of the institution. The sum of .$10,000,000 was transferred by Andrew Car- negie to a board of tventy-seven»trustees chosen by himself. The trustees'originally named were John S. Billings, Xew York; Grover Cleveland, New Jersey; William X. Frew, Pennsylvania; Lyman J." Gage, Illinois; Daniel C. Gilman, Jllaryland; John Hay, District of Columbia; Abram S. Hewitt, Xew York : Henry L. Higgin- son, Massachusetts; Henry Hitchcock. Missouri; Charles L. Hutchinson, Illinois; William Lind- say, Kentucky; Seth Low, Xew York; Wayne MacVeagh, Pennsylvania: D. O. Jlills, Xew York; S. Weir Mitchell, Pennsylvania; William W. Morrow, California; Eliliu Root, Xew York; John C. Spooner, Wisconsin; Andrew D. Wiite, Xew York; Edward D. White. Louisiana; Charles D. Waleott, District of Columbia; Car- roll D. Wright. District of Columbia: and the following ex-officio members: The President of the United States, the president of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the secretary of the Smithsonian Institiition, and the president of the National Academy of Sciences. The purposes of the trust are to est.abli.sh in Washington an institution which shall, with the coiiperation of institutions now or hereafter es- tablished, there or elsewhere, in the broadest and most liberal manner encour?.ge investigation, research, ar.d discovery, sliow the application of knowledge to the improvement of mankind, pro- vide such buildings, laboratories, books, and ap- paratus as may be needed, and afford instruction of an advanced character to students properly qualified to profit thereby. Among its aims are these : ( 1 ) To promote original research, pay- ing great attention thereto as one of the most important of all departments; (2) to discover the exceptional man in every department of study, wiienever and wherever found, inside or outside of schools, and enable him to make the work for which he seems si>ecially designed his life work; (3) to increase facilities for liigher education; (4) to increase the ethcicncy of the imiversities and other institutions of learning throughout the country by utilizing and adding to their existing facilities and aiding teachers in the various institutions for experimental and other work in these institutions as far as advisa- ble; (5) to enable such students as may find Washington the best point for their special studies to enjoy the advantages of the museums, libraries, laboratories, observatory, meteoro- logical, piscicultural, and forestry schools, and kindred institutions of the sevei'al departments of the Government; (0) to insure the prompt publication and distribition of the results of scientific investigation, a field considered highly important. The institution was duly organized on January 29, 1902, when the following officers were chosen: President, Daniel C. Gilman: chair- man of the board of trustees, Abram .S. Hewitt; vice-chairman, .Tohn S. Billings; secretary, Charles D. Walcolt. and an executive connnittee, consisting of .John S. Billings, Daniel C. Gilman, Abram S. Hewitt, S. Weir Mitchell, Elihu Root, Charles D. Waleott. and Carroll D. Wright. The headquarters of the institution is in Washing- ton, D. r. CARNE'IA. Sec Crekk Festivals. CARNEIRO DE CAMPOS, kiir na'ro da kiin/posh, .losE Jo.QiiM ( 17G8-183(i) . A Bra- zilian politician, born at Bahia. He graduated at the University of Coimhra. Porfugal. became a member of the Brazilian Constituent .-Xssembly in 1823. and in the same year was ajqiointed Min- ister of the Interior by the Emperor. Doni Pedro I. In 1S2(! he became Senator from the Province of Babia. and attained distinction as a debater on the important constitutional questions then un- der discussion, .fter the abdication of Dom Pedro L. he was appointed one of the three mem- bers of I lie provisional regency. CARNEIRO LEAO, kUr-niTrft Ift-oux'. Ho- NORio Hermeto ( 180I-5fi). A Brazilian politician, born at Jacahy. He studied law, attained dis- tinction in his profession, was elected deputy in 1830, and in 1832-33 was Minister of .Tustice. From January 20, 1843, to February, 1844. he was Prime Minister, and again held the same office from 1854 until his death. He became President of Rio de Janeiro in 1841 and of Per- nambuco in 1849. For the greater part of his political career he was known as a leader of the so-called "New Conservative" Party. CARNELIAN, or CORNELIAN (Fr. cor- valine, from Lat. eamu. horn, ('(irneliiin is a form inlluenced by i)oi)ular etymologj' with Lat. caro. fiesh). A semi-transparent variety of chal- cedony, varying in color from a pale to deep red. Inferior varieties are yellow and brown. The finest sj)ecimens are red, and come mostly from Cambay and Surat, in India. Red and yellow specimens of excellent quality have also been found at Tampa Bay, Fla., and near Cape Split, Xova Scotia. The camelian from India is found