Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/270

* CAKMEL. 228 CARMINE. binod it with the later, lu Ids time the order nuinliered 1-15 commanderies, but the Frencli Revolution put an end to it. CARMELITES, or Okder of Oik Lady of Moi NT (_'ai!Mi;l. a monastic order al)out wliose origin there lias l)oen no little controversy. At cne time it was piously believed to have been founded by the prophet Klijali: but this lielief was dissipated by the learned editors of the Acta KaiwtDiiim, who were able to demonstrate that it owed its origin to the crusader Bertiand, Count of Limoges. He had become a monk in Calabria in fultillment of a vow made on the eve of a battle in which he was victorious. In 1130, with ten companions, be took up Ais abode on Mount Carmel ; their first definite rule was given them in 120S by Albert, patriarch of Jerusalem. In 1240 the pressure of Jlohammedan domination induced them to abandon their set- tlement. Otlshoots had already (1288) been founded in Cyprus and Jlessina : and now some went to Provence and some to England. Inno- cent IV., in 1245, sanctioned the eliange from a hermit to a comnumily life, and ranked them with the mendicant orders. At a general chap- ter held at Aylesford. in Kent, the same year, an Knglishnian, Saint Simon Stock, was elected the first general. I'lider his leadershi]) the or- der, with some nuxlificatibns adapting it to climatic and other dillerenccs, spread through- out central and western Europe. It is to him that the Virgin Mary is said to have revealed in a vision the scapular which became a dis- tinctive mark of the order and those who were affiliated to it. From the white cloak which they wore, they received the jjoiiular name of Mnte Friars. The rigidity of their rule was some- what relaxed by Kugenius IV. in 1431; but some communities, objecting to this change, ad- hered to the stricter rule, and were known as Observantines, while the more lax were called Conventuals. The most thorough-going reform was that instituted by Saint Theresa (q.v.), who became a Cannelite novice in l.;31, and labored unceasingly for a stricter discipline among the nuns. With the aid of Saint .Tohn of the Cross, she thus afl'ected the male members of the order also. At her death, in l.")82, there were seven- teen houses of women and fifteen of men who followed the stricter rule, and were known as Discalced or Barefooted Carmelites. The order had fifty-two houses in England at the time of the dissolution of the monasteries. In 1901 there were fifty-cme Carmelite fathers in the t'nilcd States and Canada. CAR'MEN. A novel by Prosper Meriniee ( 1847 ) . It was afterwards adapted for the oper- atic stage by Meilhac and UaK'vv. the score being furnished by Bizet and presented in 1875 at the Opera Comique, Paris. Its plot deals with the career of a S])anisli girl, wlio begins life in a cifjarette factory, and ends with the tragedy which results from her capricious loves. The scene is laid partly in Seville. Consult Filon, Prosper McriiiUc (Paris, 1804). CARMEN SAECULARE, sek'illa'r.'. An ode by llciiacc. ciiihiiusimI for the celebration of the Secular Gaines in u.c. 17. It contains 701 lines in 10 stanzas designed to be sung by a chorus of boys and one of girls. It was written at the request of .iigustus and is not of a high order of poetic merit. CARMEN SYLVA, sil'va. See Elizabeth, (,ll i;b;. OF ItUMAMA. CARMEN'TAL GATE. A gate of ancient Koine named after the Italian goddess Carmenta. Through it the Fabii passed on their fatal expe- dition against Veii. The gate in consequence was afterwards called Scelerata, the accursed. CARMI, kar'ml. A city and county-seat of White County, 111., 38 miles west liy "north of Evaiisville, Ind., on the Little Wabash River, and on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and Saint Louis and the Louisville and Nashville railroads (Map: Illinois, Do). It is the centre of an agricultural region and exports fruit, grain, flour, tile, and lumber; and has flouring and saw mills, brick and tile works, machine- shops, stave and heading faetorv, etc. Popula- tion, in 1890, 2785: in 1000, 2939. CAR'MINA BURA'NA. A collection of Gerniaii and Latin poems written by the Go- liards. or wandering scholars, mostly declared elunchmcn of the Twelfth and Thirteenth cen- turies. The name is derived from the Abbey of Benediktbcuern in Bavaria, where the manu- script, now ill ilunich, was once kept. The songs . in form resemble hymns, and generally are rhymed. In matter they vary greatly, ranging from lofty sentiment to very worldly drinking songs. Some of the compositions severely satir- ize the prevalent vices of the various professions, particularly of the clergy. CARMIN'ATIVES (Fr. carmimitif. Neo-Lat. caniiiiiiiliriif). from Lat. cnrminiirc, to card wool, from carmen, card, for wool, from cnrrre. to card wool; hardly from Lat. cnrmcn. song, in- cantation). The medicines which relieve flatu- lence and pain in the bowels, such as cardamoms, peppermint, ginger, and other stimulating aro- maties. CARMINE (Fr., I^led. Lat. cnrmesiinis, Pers. qiniii^i. crimson, from Skt. krniija. produced by a worm, from hrnii. worm + juntiti. jCuiiitr. to be born). A beautiful red pigment obtained from cochineal and eiii]>loyed in the manufacture of the finer red inks, in the dyeing of silk, in coloring artificial flowers, and in miniature and water-color painting. It was first prepared by a Franciscan monk at Pisa, who discovered it accident :illy while compoundinir some medicine containing cochineal, ;uid in lO.'iti it began to he manufactured. One jirocess for its iireparation is as follows: Digest 1 pound (if cochineal in 3 gallons of water for 15 minutes, add 1 ounce of cream of tartar, heat gently for 10 minutes, add half an ounce of alum, boil for 2 or 3 minutes, and after iillowing any impurities to settle, place the clear licpiid in clean glass pans, in which the carmine will be slowly dejiosited; after a time drain off the liquid, and let the carmine dry in the shade. In the preparation of carmine, much depends on a clear atmosphere and a briglit, sunny day. as the pretty color of the carmine is never nearly so good wlien it has been prepared in dull weather; and this accounts, in great part, for the superiority of French carmine over that prepared elsewhere. An excellent quality of ear- mine may also be obtained by pulverizing cochi- neal, treating it with a solution of soiliiim car- bonate, adding albumin to the solution, and then precipitating with dilute acid. The coloring ])rinciple of cochineal is carminic acid, C,;lI„Oi„,