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* CARDS. 211 CARDWELL. them, and that thc_v had the same point of ori- gin is pretty conclusively proved by tlie viniformi- ty of the words by which they are known, both among Teutonic and Latin races. When, how- ever, the details of a pack are named, the nomen- clature varies, just as the design and the number of cards in a pack have varied. With the Anglo-Saxons the world over it is tifty-two in four suits of thirteen each, i.e. king, queen, jack and ten cards, from ten to one, according to the number of pips. In Italy thirty-six cards formed a pack, and the older characteristically German cards were only thirty-two. In China, where the early Portuguese missionaries found cards in common use, a pack consisted of thirty cards in three suits of nine each, and three superior cards. Their cards were not more than half as wide as the European variety, and were called by the very expressive word sheii, meaning a fan, evidently a suggestion taken from an out- spread hand of cards. In Hindustan the early pack consisted of ten suits of twelve each, the marks of each of the ten suits being emblematic of one of their avatars or incarnations of Vishnu. In this symbolic respect, the cards of all nations have varied from time to time. Some have been historic, some have been political satires ; some have lampooned particular people ; some have represented class distinctions, for instance, the early Italian and Spanish packs, instead of the modern hearts, clubs, diamonds, and spades, had swords to represent the nobility, chalices for the clergy, coins for the citizens, and clubs or staves for the peasantry. The artistic embel- lishment of the faces of cards would alone form a volume : among the devices were horsemen, elephants, hawks, bells, flowers, many birds, tumblers, and a host of other subjects. The four kings seemed at one time likely to lose their sway over the Xew World, for cards were manufactured in Xew York in 1S48 which had neither kings nor queens, the president of hearts being Washington, of diamonds John Adams, of clubs Franklin, and of spades Lafayette. The queens were Venus, Fortune, Ceres, and Minerva, and the knaves Indian chiefs. Spain introduced cards into the Xew World, lierrera mentions that when Cortes conquered Mexico King Montezuma took great pleasure in watching the Spanish soldiers play cards. Spain was more devoted to cards at that time than any other European nation. Although gen- erally known, they Avere not common. Neither Petrarch, who described the social life of the first half of the Fourteenth Century, nor Chaucer, who depicted the second half, mentions cards, although they describe many other games of chance. By the middle of the next century their manufacture, even in England, had become quite a trade, for on the rolls of Parliament there is a petition, which was complied with, prohibiting their importation from abroad. Even the names of most of the old games are only to be foimd in antiquarian works. Chief among them was one named in every country where it was played "primero ' It found its way into Shakespeare, whose FalstafT says: "I never prospered since I forswore primero." It long continued a fashionable game, but was suc- ceeded in general estimation by mauve, and piquet still survives. 'Loadam,' 'Noddy,' 'Macke,' 'Oubre,' 'Gleek,' Tost and pan,' and "Bank rout' are but ghosts out of the writers of the Eighteenth and early Nineteenth Century. A detailed description of the modern games of cards will be found under their distinctive titles. Consult: Singer, liescarches into the History of Playing Cards (London, 1816) ; Chat- to, Origin and History of Playing Cards (Lon- don, 1848) : Willshire, Descriptive Catalogue of Playing and Other Curds in the Hritish Museum (London, 1870) ; Taylor, The History of Playing Cards (London, 1865) : R. Merlin, Oriyinc des cartes a joucr (Paris, 1869). CARDUCCI, kar-doo'chf., or CARDUCHO, -cho, B.RTOLOMMKO (1560-1608). An Italian ])ainter. born in Florence. He studied under Ziicchero, with whom he went to Madrid, where he painted the ceiling of the Escurial Library. He died in Spain, where most of his works are to be found, the most celebrated being a "De- scent from the Cross," in the Church of San Felipe el Real, Madrid. His brother Vincenzio (1568-1638) wa5 also a painter of celebrity, and the author of Didlogos de las excelencias de la pintura (Madrid, 16.33). CARDUCCI, Giosuft (1830—). An Italian poet. He was born at Valdicastello, in Tus- cany, July 27, 1836, studied in Florence and Pisa, where he pursued a philological course, and in 1861 was appointed professor of Italian literature at the University of Bologna. Three years earlier he had already attracted attention by founding, with some otlier young poets, a lit- erary review, II Polixiano, whose purpose was to eucovirage poetry, modern in spirit and clas- sic in form. Carducci's first poems were w-ritten at the age of eleven, but his earliest published volumes are Juvenilia (1857) and Levia gra- via (1805), the former purely classic, the latter bearing the stamp of growing individuality. / Decennali (1871) first revealed him as a poet of political importance, an ardent Republican, with lofty ideals for Italy and Rome. His most famous poems are his Odi harbare, in which he endeavored to adapt the metres of Greek and Latin verse to the exigencies of the Italian lan- guage, and which provoked widespread contro- versy. A'MOfe odi harbare (1883) and Tcrze odi barhare (1889) are further experiments in the same direction, and contain some of hia finest verse. Of Carducci's prose works, men- tion should be made of Studi letterarii (1893) and lioztetti critici (1876). An edition of his collected works has been in course of publication in Bologna since 1889. Consult Chiarini. / critici iliiliuiii e la metriea delle Odi Harbare (Bologna, 1878). CARD'WELL, Edwakd (1787-18(51). An English clergyman and ecclesiastical historian. He was born at Blackburn, Lancashire, 1787; educated at Oxford, received the degree of M.A. in 1812 and of D.D. in 1831. In 1826 he was chosen Camden professor of ancient history. He edited the Ethics of Aristotle (2 vols., 1828-30), with notes, and wrote lectures on The Coinage of the Ancient Greeks and liomans (1883). In 1831 he was made principal of Saint Alban Hall, and held the place till his death there. May 23, 1861. Among his other publications were a student's edition of the Greek Testament (1837); Jose- pbus's history in Greek and Latin (1837); Docunientani Annals of the Reformed Church of England from 1546 to 1716 (1839) ; History of