Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/248

* CAKDIGAN. 208 CARDINAL-BIRD. ing trade, largely in produce and slate. It owns its water-works, and maintains markets and a ccmeteiy. Population, in 1!)01. 3500. Cardigan became an important town al)i>ut the time of the Norman Conquest. There are the remains of a castle supposed to liave been founded, in 1100, by a Xornian baron. The town suffered much in the struggles between the Welsh and the English. CARDIGAN. A novel by K. V. Cliambers (1901), dealing with pre-Kevolutionary times on the frontier of New York and Western Pennsyl- vania. CARDIGAN, .Jamks 'I'homas Brude.nell, Seventh Earl of (1707-1868). An English gen- eral, the leader of the "Light Prigade' at Bala- klava. He was educated at 0.ford, and became a member of Parliament in 1818. In 1824 he entered the army, and by 18.32 had risen, through lavish expenditure in purchasing his grades, to the rank of lieutenant-colonel. .Vs an officer he was overbearing and quarrelsome, and treated his men with great severity. In 1837 he suc- ceeded to the peerage. In the Crimean War he was sent to the field as a major-general in com- mand of the liglit cavalry, which he led in the famous charge at Balaklava, October 25, 1854. For this he was promoted lieutenant-general, and received many honors. He published Cavalry Jhii/iidf MovcDiciita (1861). CARDIGANSHIRE. A maritime county of Wales, on Cardigan Bay, with an area of 692 square miles, half being waste (Map: Wales, C 4). It is an agricultural county; the chief branch of industry is the rearing of live stock. There are some manufactures of coarse woolens, gloves, stockings, and hats. Cardigan is the county town. Among other towns are .beryst- with and Lampeter. Population, in 1891, 62,- C30; in 1001, 60,237. CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis, pivotal, prin- cipal, from ciudo, a hinge). The highest digni- tary in the Church of Rome after the Pope, whose elector and councilor he is. The title, however, in the ante-Nicene period, was used more gener- ally, being applied to the clergy who were per- manently attached to a cathedral church any- where. But the usage was later restricted to particular members of the clergy in Bonie. In the Fourth Centiirv the priests permanently rul- ing the parish churches in Kome were styled cardinal priests, the deacons pernumcntly ad- ministering each the charities of a jiartiotlar 'region' of the city were styled cardinal deacons, while the bishops in charge of the suburban sees of Rome — viz. Porto and Santa Rufina, Os- tia and Velletri. Palestrina, Sabina. Krascati, and Albano — and who were called in consulta- tion by the Bishop of Kome, were called cardinal bishops. The word cardinal in each case means that the jierson was, so to speak, one on whom ecclesiastical afTairs hintjcd. The cardinals are now all appointed by the Pope, and constitute the Sacred College. The Pope is not at all obliged to consult tlicm. but as a matter of fact does so, and so they share with him in the government of the vast organiza- tion of which he is the head. Their number has varied at different times, and was fixed by Si.x- tus v., in 1586, at 70 — i.e. 6 cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons. The Pope is not obliged to maintain this niunber, and in 1902 the Sacred College was made up of cardinal bishops, 52 cardinal priests, and 8 cardinal deacons. The great majority are Ital- ian. The bishops take their names fi-oni the men- tioned sees, the priests their titles from the churches in Rome to whidi they are ai))iointed, while the deacons are appointed to oilier cliurches called 'deaconries.' The first cardinal bisliop is the dean of the College, and has the right to con- secrate the Pope if he be not at the time of his enthronement a bishop; the first cardinal deacon is first deacon of the College, and he has the right to proclaim and crown the new Pope. The camerlengo. who rules the Churcli during a Papal vacancy, also is a cardinal. All the cardinal bishops, and all but one of the cardinal <leacons, live in Rome, but only 11 of the cardinal priests. Most of the cardinals are bishops. The arch- bishojis of Sydney, New South Wales (Moran) ; of Baltimore, United States of America (Gib- bons) ; Westminster, London, England ('au- ghan) ; and Armagh, in Ireland (Logue). are the Englisli-speaking cardinals. A few belong to monastic orders, including one Jesuit. The cardinals are chief members of the twenty- one Sacred Congregations, or standing ecclesias- tical committees, of the Papal Government, such as Holy Office, Propagation of the Faith, Index, Rites, and Studies, They meet in consistory, over which the Pope presides. But they are most prominent before the world on the death of the Pope, as they are the cle<t(U-s of his successor, and usually, though this is not obligatory, choose one of their own number. They are princes of the Church, enjoying extraordinary privileges and honors, and are entitled 'Most Eminent Prince.' They wear a distinctive scarlet dress and a red cap, which is put upon their heads by the Pope. They have also a red hat, which is given to them in a public consistory, but is not worn. They enjoy an income out of the Papal treasury. They are frequently sent by the Pope as his represen- tatives upon delicate missions, when they are styled letfati a latere. See Dean. CARDINAL-BIRD, or REDBiRn. A large and brilliant finch or grosbeak (Cardinalis cardi- nalis), one of the finest song-birds of .Vmerica, and common throughout the southern part of the United Stales. The general color of the male is red, the head l)eing vermilion, willi a small portion around the base of the liill black. The feathers of the crown arc long, and creeled into a conical crest. The cardinal-bird mi- grates northward in spring, but never farther than Massachusetts, where only a few strag- glers are seen. Its loud, clear, sweet, and varied song is to be heard chiefly in the mornings and evenings. Partly because of the song, and partly from its beautiful plumage, the cardinal is a popular cage-bird. During the breeding season the male is very devoted to his mate and to the .young. The nest is built in bushes, and consists of twigs, rootlets, and strips of bark, lined with grasses and other finer material. The eggs are usually four in number, white or bluish, speckled and spotted with brown. Geo- graphical races of this species extend its range westward to southern California and Mexico, and allied species exist in Mexico and CeB- tral America. See Plate of Buntings and Gros- beaks.