Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/245

CARBUNCLE. of tissue, all of which sloughs away in time. The entire area of the carbuncle usually In- comes fixed quite early in its development, and the carbuncle limits itself to that area. The treatment of carbuncle is both surgical and medi- cal, the former consisting in free incisions, packing with gauze, and antiseptic dressings; the latter, in general, tonic treatment.

CARCAGENTE, kar'kd-iiriu'ta. A town of Valcinia, Spain, situated about 25 miles south of the city of Valencia, and near the right bank of the .J near (-Map: Spain, E 3). it is well built, with good streets, and has a palace be- longing to the ilarquis of Calzada. It produces linen, silk, and woolen, and has a population of (1900) 12,351.

CARCAJOU, karTca-jiSo (Fr. form of the American-Indian name). A Canadian name for the wolverine, sometimes improperly applied, especially by the older writers, to the panther. See WoLVEBrxE.

CAR'CANET (Low Lat. carcih]anHum, a coDar of jewels. OHG. quercu, throat). A jeweled chain or necklace. Venice was famous for the manufacture of carcanets in the Fifteenth Cen- tury.

CARCANO, kar-ka'n6, Giuuo (1812-84). An Italian author, born in Milan. He was appoint- ed professor at the Academy of Fine Arts in !Milan in 1859, and became a Senator in 1876. His publications include tragedies, which met with little success; translations of Shakespeare's plays; volumes of poetry, of which the best known is his Poesie rarie edite ed inedite (2 vols.. 1800-70) ; and romances, for which he is chiefly celebrated, and which are distinguished by their charming pictures of family life in Italy. A complete edition of his works (Milan. 1892) appeare<l after his death. Consult: Rizzi, Prefa- zione nUe lettere di Giulio Carcano (Milan, 1887), and Prina. Giulio Carcano (Florence, 1884).

CARCAR, kar'kar. A city of C^bfi, Philip- pines, 23 miles southwest of Cebfl, the capital of the province. It is situated on the eastern coast of the island, near the Bay of Carcar. The citv was founded in 1624. Population, in 1898, 30.300.

CARCASS (OF. carcois, quiver, from Med. Lat. carcassium, a corruption of tarcasius, from Pers. tarkash, quiver, by association with Med. Lat. carcassium, carcass). An incendiary shell filled with a fiercely burning composition consisting of saltpetre, .sulphur, resin, turpentine, anti- mony, and tallow, and generally designed to be fired from a mortar. It had usually three large vents, through which the flame escaped. In some carcasses the vents were fitted with short barrels loaded with balls, so arranged as to discharge their contents at the time desired.

CARCASSONNE, kiir'ka'sOn'. Capital of the Department of Aude (Languedoe), France, and see of a bishop, on the river Aude and the Canal du Midi, about 55 miles southeast of Toulouse ( Map : France, .J 8 ). It is divided into two parts — the old and new tovn3. The modern town is well built, with streets running at right angles to each other, squares adorned with trees, pleasant boulevards, and several marble foun- tains. The old town, built on a height, is much more picturesque, with its double line of walls and towers, some parts of them dating from the time of the Visigoths, and the rest, with the castle, from the Eleventh or Twelfth Centurj-. Other conspicuous buildings are the lately re- stored cathedral of Saint Xazaire (Eleventh Century), the court-house, the prefecture, and the curious old market. The town contains a lyceum, a teacliers' college, a seminary, and a public library of 36,000 printed volumes and 389 manuscripts, and a museum. The cloth manufactures are important, employing a large number of ojjeratives. Carcassonne has also manufactures of paper, leather, linen, and soap, and considerable trade in wine, brandy, and dried fruit. The whole department is represented at the November fair, where horses, grain, iron, and ironware are sold in great quantity. Popu- lation, in 1901, 30,720. The ancient name of the town was Carcaso. It was a place of some note in the time of Ciesar. Consult: Viollet-le-Duc, Carcassonne (Paris, 1858); Peixotto, "Carcas- sonne," in Hcribner's Magazine, Vol. XXIX. (New York. 1901).

CARCHEMISH, kar-kem'Ish. The northern capital of the ancient Hittite nation, and for a long time an important trading centre. It was situated on the Euphrates not far from the point where that river approached nearest to the iledi- teiranean. As early as in the period of the Egjp- tian campaigns in Syria, which began c.1800 B.C., Carchemish was in existence, and Thotmes III. makes mention of having taken some of its in- habitants as prisoners. About B.C. 1120 Tiglath- pileser I. of Assyria defeated the Carchemishites and plundered the city, but despite this, the city and the district of which it was the centre con- tinued to give the Assyrians considerable trouble, and it was not until B.C. 717 that Sargon II. finally put an end to the Hittite power. It was at Carchemish that King Josiah (B.C. 069) met defeat and death at the hands of Necho of Egypt (II. Chron. xxxv. ), and here Xebuchadnezzar overcame Xecho four years afterwards (.Jer. xlvi. 2 ) ( B.C. 005 ). Carchemish has been identified with Jerablus, or .Jerabis, a village on the west bank of the Euphrates not far from Biredjik. The meaning of the name has not yet been ascer- tained, though the first element, Kar, in all prob- ability signifies, as in many Semitic names, "fort- ress.' The town was formerly incorrectly sup- posed to be identical with the classical Circesium.

CAR'CINO'MA. See Tumob.

CAR'DAMINE. See Cbess.

CARDAMOM (Fr. cardamome, Lat. cardamomum, (Jk. Kapoiiia/wv, Icardamomon, from Gk. KipSafiov, kardamon, a cress -f- i/uaiwy, aniOmon, a spice-plant). The capsule of certain species of plants of the order Zingiberace;r, and belonging to at least two genera — Amomuni and Elettaria. Cardamoms are three-celled, and contain numerous wrinkled seeds, whidi form an aromatic, pungent spice, weaker than pepper, and with a peculiar but agreeable taste. On account of their cordial and stimulant properties, they are employed in medicine very generally, to qualify other medicines. They are also used in confectionery, although not to a great extent. In Asia they are a favorite condiment, and in the north of Germany they are used in almost every household to flavor pastry. The cardamom recognized in the British and American pharmacoptpias and called true or official cardamom — also known in commerce as Malabar carda-