Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/22

* CALAMINE. 8 CALAMY. silicate that orrstallizes in the ortlioilioinbic system. The name was originally applied to mineral zinc carbonate, but this is now known as smithsonite, while calamine is restricted ex- clusively to the silicate. It occurs massive or crystalline, often in mammillary, botryoidal, and fibrous forms, generally white, although some- times with a bluish or greenish shade, and less frequently yellowisli to brown. Calamine is found in Germany, Austria, in Derbysliire. Eng- land, and at various localities in Xew Jersey, Pennsylvania, and elsewhere in the United States. When pure it contains .52 per cent, of zinc, and is therefore a valuable ore of, that metal. CALAMINT (Lat. cahtniintlir. Gk. itaXa- finiir/, kola in ill the, from KaXdf, kalos, beautiful -|- fiii'tfil, miiithf; mint), Calamintlw. A genus of plants of the order Labiatie, nearly allied to balm (Melissa). The common calamint iCula- miiitha officinalis) is not infrequent in England. It has whorls of flowers on f(>rked, many-flow- ered stalks, and crenate leaves with an agree- able arouuitic odor. It is used to make herb tea, and as a pectoral medicine. A number of species to which similar virtues are attributed are found in the United States. Two or three species of shrubby calamints are sometime3 planted in borders of flower-g-ardens. See Balm. CAL'AMIS [r,k.Kdaiiis. Kalamis). A sculp- tor of Greece, who flourished in the second quar- ter of the Fifth Century B.C. His works were widely scattered throughout Greece, but nothing definite is knoxni as to the course of his life. He may be regarded as the representative artist of the transition period between the archaic art before tlie Persian wars and the art of Phidias. Xo works of Calamis have come down to us, though attempt.s have been made to identify several pre-Phidian types with some of his cele- brated works. CALAMITES, kara-mi'tez (Gk. koXom/tijs, Ictiliniiili.s, n'cd-like, from ndXa/ws. kalamos, reed). A genus of fossil plants, appearing first in the Devonian rocks, and rising through the intermediate foniuitions to the .lurassic, where it is represented by a single species. They reach their ma-imum (lcvcloi>ment in the coal-meas- ures, where a large minilwr of s|)ecies have been determined. The tall, straiglit stems rose from a swampy clay soil in profusion in the forests of sigillaria. and formed a striking and characteristic feature of the coal flora, though they supplied little material for tlu' structure of coal. They are hollow-jointed cylinders, with longitudinal furrows, giving the fossil the ap- pearance of Cfiuiseta. l-'roni this resemblance, i)0tanists have generally considered them as huge horse-tails.' They belong to the equiseta, and the study of many specimens, both macroseo])- ically and microscopically, has developed a numl>er of sub-genera. 'Hie modern 'horse-tail rush' represents, according to Seward, a degen- erate tyi>e of the calamitean group. Hooker was imable to detect any traces of structure, in carefully prepared specimens, or the presence of those siliceous stomata which characterize equiseta, and which slunild have been preserved in the fossil state: but later investigators have Ix-en more successful in finding specimens from which internal structvires could be determined. Fleming has shown that the furrows are mark- ings on the interior cavity. The lower portion of a calamites tnuik would show rings of scara where branches had fallen olT, while higher up the younger branches contained whorls of slen- der leaves and long, slender cones. The root lennination was conical, the joints increasing upward in size and length. The foliage of cala- mites has lieen described under difi'erent names. .isteropliiillitcs includes jointed and fluted stems, with branclu's proceeding from the joints, and bearing long, pointed leaves. Aiinularia has closely arranged leaves, while in i^phenojihyllum the leaves were vedge-sha])ed. See Coal; Car- HONiFERor.s System. CALAMITIES OF AUTHOBS, The. See DiSK.^ELi. Isaac. CAL'AMUS. See Ratta.x, and Dragon's- Blood. CALAMUS ( Lat., tik. koXomoj, kalamos, reed; cf. AS. hcalm, Engl, haulm). A word ap- plied not only to the ree<i, but also to objects made from it, and especially to the ancient pen, which was couunonly a split reed. Egypt fur- nished most of these reeds, though those from Cnidus were also highly esteemed. They were trimmed and split with a knife like a quill pen, and were generally kept in a case. Imitations of the reed pens in bronze have been found. Reed pens are still used in the East, the Arabic word being KaU'im. The same name is also applied to tlie rccd pipe, or pastoral flute. See Syrinx. CALAMUS. A name sometimes given to the sweet flag (Acorus calamus). See AcoRi's. CAL'AMY, Edmv.nd (1(00-6). . English divine. He was born at 'all)rook. February, lliOO ; studied at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, where he attached himself to the Calvinistic party; and afterwards became domestic chaplain to the Bishop of Ely. In 1620 he was appointed lec- turer at Bury Saint Eihuunds, but resigned his oflice in l(i3(i, when the order to read the Book of iijjorts began to be enforced. In Iti.'Jli he was chosen minister of Saint Mary, Aldermanbury, London. He now entered warmly into the con- troversies of the time, and became noted as a leading man on the side of the Presbyterians. He had a princi|)al share in the composition of Smrcliiiininux, a work intcns a reply to Bislmp Hall's Eitixciiiiniie (ii/ Pirinc Kii/ht (Lon- don, 1040), and one of the most able and popular polemics of the day. Like the mass of the Presbyterian clergy, he was monarchical and not repiil>lican in his political opinions. He disap- proved, therefore, of the execution of Charles, and the Protectorate of Cromwell, and did not hesitate to avow his attachment to the royal cause. He was one of the deputies apjiointed to meet Charles II. in Hollaml and congratulate him on his restoration. His services were recog- nized by the ofl'er of a bishopric, which he refused from (-(mscientious scruples. He took |)art in the Savoy Conference (1061), but was ejected from his living by the Uniformity Act (1002): for venturing to preach in his church ( December 28, 1062), he was cast into prison, but Cliarles II. secured his release. He died in London October 2i). 1006. Two of his sons were educated for a re- ligious profession: the one. Kcv. Dr. Benjamin Calamy, became a High Churchman, and wrote A Disrouise .About a iScrupiilous Conscience: the other. Edmund Calamy. was ejected for n(m-con- formitv, and had a son, also named Edmund