Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/219

* CAPRICCIO. 181 CAPS. give expression to the ever-changing, fleeting moods in which he composed the capriccio. CAPRICOR'NtTS (Lat., goat-horned, from caper, goat + cornii, horn). The Goat, a south- em constellation, and the tenth sign of the zodiac (q.v.), denoted by the sign yj, represent- ing the crooked horns of a goat. It is usually represented on the globe as having the fore part of a goat, but the hinder part of a fish. It is one of the least striking of the zodiacal constel- lations. It was, however, celebrated among the ancients, who regarded it as the harbinger of good fortune, and as marking the southern tropic or winter solstice, wherefore they called it the 'Southern Gate of the Sun.' It contains no large stars, the two largest, which are situ- ated in the horns, being only of the third magni- tude. See Tropics. CAP'BIFICA'TION (Lat. caprifientio, from caprificarc, to ripen figs by the stinging of the gall-insect, from coper, goat + ficus, tig). A method which has long been employed in the Orient for securing and hastening the matura- tion of figs, and which consists in suspending fruit-bearing branches of the wild fig or caprifig above or beside those of the cultivated tree. A small hvnienopterous gnat {Blastophafia gros- sorum) crawls from the caprifig into the Smyrna fig of eonniierce, and, being covered with the pollen of the wild fig, fertilizes therewith the cultivated fig. If pollen is not introduced, the figs fail to develop, and finally fall to the ground. When pollenized, the seeds develop and the fruits grow to their proper size and mature. The fig-insects were introduced into California in 1899, with the result that fifteen tons of Sravrna figs, of excellent flavor, were harvest- ed "in 1900. See Fic. CAPRIFOLIA'CE^ (Neo-Lat., Med Lat. Caprifoliuin, from Lat. caper, goat + folium, leaf). An order of dicotyledonous plants, con- sisting of shrubs and herbs which have opposite leaves without stipules, and flowers disposed in coriiTnbs, in heads, or in whorls. The calyx is four to five cleft; the corolla, tubular or wheel- shaped, sometimes irregular. The stamens are inserted on the corolla at its base, and alternate with its lobes. The ovary is free, one to five celled. The fruit is generally a berry, some- times dry, but not splitting open when ripe. The order is verj' nearly related to Rubiaceix?, differing chiefly in the want of stipules. More than two hundred species are known, chiefly na- tives of the temperate and colder parts of the Korthcm Hemisphere. To this order belong the honeysuckle, elder, viburnum, and snowberry (q^.v.). the chief genera being Loniccra, Sarabu- eus, Viburnum, Symphoricarpus, Linna'a, Dier- villa, etc. CAPKIMXJL'GID.a: (Xeo-Lat., from Lat. caper, goat -t- mulgere, to milk). A family of birds, including the whippoorwills, nightjars, etc. The family is usually called 'goatsuckers,' but the name 'nightjar' is better. See Nightjar. CAPRIVI, ka-pr^'ve, Oeorg Leo, fount von. The second Chancellor of the German Kmpirc. He was born February 24, 1831, at Charlottenburg. studied in Berlin, and in 1849 volunteered in the Kaiser Franz (irenadiers. During the campaign in Bohemia in ISliO he was made a major and a member of the general staff of the First Army Corps. He distinguished himself during the Fran- co-Prussian ^■ar, and as chief of staff of thi! Tenth Arm}- Corps served with distinction at Metz and Orleans and in the Loire campaigns. His advance in rank and in responsible commands was rapid. In 1882 he was appointed commander of the Thirtieth Infantry Division at Metz : in March, 1SS3, he was selected by Bismarck to suc- ceed Admiral Stosch as Chief of the Admiralty, greatly to the dissatisfaction of the ollicers of the navy. He justified the judgment of the great Chancellor, however, by his mastery of the de- tails of the department and his successful re- organization of the na^^ upon its present basis. He gave much attention to the perfection of torpedoes and torpedo-boats, and arranged a plan for the more rapid mobilization of the war- vessels. In 1888 he resigned, and was made commander of the Tenth Army Corps, stationed in Hanover. He received the Order of the Black Eagle, and in ilaroh, 1890, succeeded Bismarc!'; as Chancellor of the Empire and president of the Prussian Ministry. He was made a count in 1891. Succeeding, as he did, the most power- ful statesman in Europe at the beginning of the reign of restless William II., Count Caprivi's position as Chancellor was one of many trials and great difficulty. Xevertheless, he showed himself an able and faithful administrator. He carried the bill for an increase in the army through the Imperial Pieichstag; initiated a policy of reci- procity, through treatises with Austria-Hungary, Italy, Belgium, and Russia, in spite of the nar- row opposition of the Prussian landowners; and maintained a moderate policy with refer- ence to the growing Socialist Party. In July, 1890, he arranged with Lord Salisbury, repre- senting England, the so-called Anglo-German partition of East Africa. (See Germany.) He resigned the presidency of the Council in 1892, and the Chancellorship in 1894. Caprivi was, like Bismarck, a man of great physical strength and jjossessed considerable mental power, with a great capacity for work. He died on his estate, Skyren, in Brandciiburtr, February G, 1S09. CAPROIC, CAPRYL'IC, and CAP'RIC ACIDS. Acids represented respectively by the formula- CoHi.Oj, CsH„0., and C;oHjo02, and mem- bers of the acetic or fatty acid series. Thej' are found in butter and in other fats. They derive their names from capra, a goat, in consequence of their more or less resembling in smell the odor of that animal. They may be obtained, along with butyric acid, another memlier of the fatty-acid series, by boiling (saponifying) but- ter with caustic potash. CA'PRON, AI.I.YX (1846-98). An American soldier, born in Tampa, Fla. He graduated at the United States ]lilitary Academy in ISHT, and rose to be captain of artillery in 1888. Dur- ing the Sioux campaign of 1890 he served with distinction, and in 1898 during the Spanish- American War participated in the invasion of Cuba. On July 1 he opened the battle of El Caney by firing, as commander of Battery E, First Artillery, upon the stone fortifications which lined the ridge. He died of typhoid fever contracted during the campaign. CAPS and HATS (Swed. Mossorna och fJnttnrnc). Xanies of political parties in Sweden in the early part of the Eighteenth Century. The Caps were in favor of stripping the monarch