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* CAPO D ISTBIA. 179 CAPPONI. Capo (VIstria, near Triest, in the Fourteenth Century. He devoted himself to political life, and after holdinfr a high position in the Repuhlic of the Ionian Islands (q.v.), he entered the dip- lomatic seivice of Russia. He toolv an active interest in the movement lor the liberation of Greece, but was always identified with the Rus- sian party. (See Greece.) In 1S27 he was elected President of Greece: and in January, 1828, he entered upon the duties of his office. He was an able diplomat and was sineereh' con- cerned for the welfare of his native country, but his intimate association with Russia, whose am- bitious designs so complicated the whole Eastern Question (q.v.), made him imfit for the place to which he was called. Greece was torn by factions, and the most patriotic Hellenes were suspicious of Russia, and therefore of Capo d'Istria. The President had been much imbued with the cen- tralizing principles prevalent at the Russian Court, and some of his measures, especially that restricting the liberty of the press, gave offense to advocates of civil liberty. In the latter part of his administration he suspended the Constitu- tion of 1827 and ruled as dictator. He was assassinated at Xauplia. October 9, 18.31, by George and Constantine ilavromichalis. whose family were leaders in the revolt against his dic- tatorship and the Russian influence. Consult Mendelssohn-Bartholdv, Graf Johann Eapodis- trias (Berlin. 1864). . CAPONIEKE, kap'6-ner', or CAPONNI- £K£, ka'po'nyar' (Fr. cuponniire, Sp. cuponcra, cage for fattening fowls, from capon, capon). In fortification, a parapet 8 or 10 feet high, with a superior slope, terminating in a small glacis. It is placed in the ditch of a fortified place, to cover or screen the defenders w-hile passing from one defense work to another. See Fobtifica- Tiox. CAPOTE, ka-pot' (Fr., dim. of cape, from Med. Lat. capa, cape). A long cloak with a hood, worn in southern Europe by soldiers, sailors, and travelers. In the Levant the capote is an outer garment, worn both liy men and by women, and made either of rough cloth or of skins, retaining their hair. It is described by Curzon. in Visits to the M ontt-steries of the Levant (London, 1840), as '"a sort of white frock coat, without sleeves, and embroidered in bright colors down the seani>.'' CAPOTJL, ka'pouK, Joseph Am£d£e Victor (18.39 — ). A French tenor, born in Toulouse. He graduated at the Conservatoire in Paris, and .sang with much popular success at the Opera Comique. Subsequently he sang in London with Christine Xilsson, in Xew York with Patti, and in Vienna and Saint Petersburg. CAPPADOCIA, kap'pa-do'shi-a (Gk. KoTrira- driKta, Kiii'ifiiiliikia, OPers. Katpatuka) . In an- cient geography, an extensive region in the east of Asia Minor. It was a Persian province; after the death of Alexander the Great formed for about three centuries a kingdom under a Greek dynasty; and finally, in a.d. 17, became a Roman l)rovince. It was bounded by I>ycaonia and soutli- em Galatia on the west, by CiliciaandCommagene on the south, by Armenia on the east, and by Gal- atia and Pontus on the north. During the time that it belonged to the Persian Empire, however, Cappadocia included wliat was afterwards Pon- tus, which was called Lesser Cappadocia. The northern part of Cappadocia (in the narrower sense) was ti-aversed by the llalys (Kizil Irmak), near whose banks the Argieus Mons (Arjish) tow- ers to a height of over 1.3,000 feet. Among the towns were ilazaea ( Ca'sarea ), Comana. Tyana, and Melitene. The population of ancient Cappa- docia and Lycia, represented now by the primitive mountain tribes called Taktadji, is of consider- able anthropological interest, since some authori- ties have connected them with the Hittites. They seem to have been Aryans closely related to the Armenians, although Brinton (1895) thought there was an element belonging to the peoples of the Caucasus revealed in their ancient inscriptions and local dialects. Sergi (1901) disputes the Hittite relationship on craniological grounds. The chief literature of the subject is to be found in Von Luschan and Petersen's Reisen in Lykien (Vienna, 1889) ; Von Luschan's article on the "Tachtadschy," in the Archiv fiir Anthropologic for 1901; and Chantre's Jiccherches anthropologiqiies dans I'Asie occidentale (Lyons, 189.5). There is also an interesting article by .1. W. Crowfoot on "Survivals Among the Kappadokian Kizilbash." in the Journal of the Anthropological Institute (London, 1900). CAPPEL, ka'pel', Louis (Lat., Ludovicus Cappellus) ( 1585-16581. A French Hebraist and critic, bora at Saint Elier. He studied theology at Oxford and Saumur, was appointed pro- fessor of Hebrew at Saumur in 1613, and pro- fessor of theology there in 1633. In his Arcanum Punctationis Revclatum (1624) he showed that vowel points had been introduced into Hebrew writing at a period comparatively late. As this theory seemed to attack the authority of the Scriptures, it was violently opposed, in par- ticular by Buxtorf. He is considered one of the founders of biblical criticism. His principal work is Critica Sacra (1650). Consult >Schne- dermann. Die Controverse des Ludovicus Capellus mit d^n Buxtorfen. CAPPONI, kappo'ne, GiNO (I792-I876). An Italian historian and statesman. He was born in Florence, and came of an illustrious family. Devoted to science and philanthropic endeavor, he early gained the confidence of the citizens, and in 1848, although blind, he was called to the head of the administration in Tuscany. Attacked by the Radicals, he retired to private life in a short time. After the war of 1859 he was made a .Senator, and chairman of the committee relating to historical researches in Tuscany, L'mbria. and the ilarches. He was one of the founders of the Antologia Italiana, and after its suppression in 1832 establislied the Anhivo Istorico Italiano in Florence. As a member of the Aecadcmia della Crusca he assisted in preparing new editions of the academical dictionary called the Vocaholario drgli accadcmici della Crusca, and after he had become blind prepared, with Becchi, Borghi, and Xiccolini, an improved edition of Dante's Dirina f'ommedia (Florence, 1837). Among his other publications, mention should be made of his Sloria drlla rrpuhtilica di Firenze (2 vols., 1875). the first political history of the republic, after that of Machiavelli. For his life, consult: Tabar- rini, Gino Capponi (Florence, 1879) ; and Von Reumont. Gino Capponi, ein Zeit- und Lebensbild (fJotha, laW).