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* CAPITULARIES. 178 CAPO DISTRIA. of the people concerned was necessary. (3) Capit- ularies for the missi, i.e. the special itinerant olficials whose duty it was to act as the imme- diate representatives of the Kmperor. Some- times these were personal instructions: at other times, general orders to be promulgated to the people. During the reign of Louis the Pious, Ansegisel, Abbot of l'"onteiielle, made a collection of the existing capitularies. A little later (before 858), Benedict the Lovite publislicd a second collec- tion, which imrported to contain the capituUuics and some canons of councils. In reality it is made up of extracts from many sources, chiefly canon law, Roman law, and capitularies. There has been much controversy about this subject, ami there seems to be some connection between his collection and the False Decretals. There were three other incomplete collections of little importance made soon after. Of modern editions there arc four: Baluze, Capitularia Rcgiim Fran- conim (Paris. 1(!7T and 1780) ; Walter, Corpus Juris Gennaiiici Aiifiijui (3 vols., Berlin, 18'24), in which the capitularies are contained in the second and third volumes; Pertz, Moiitimenta Germaniw Historica, Leges, Vols. 1 and II. (Han- over, 1835-37) ; and Boretius, id. Legum iiectio II., Vols. I and II. (Hanover, 1883-97). The last is by far the best. CAPITULATION (Ft. capitulation, from Med. Lat. capittilare, to capitulate, from caput, head), JIii.itary. The surrender of an armed force, fortress, or beseiged town, to another armed force on previously fixed terms or stipula- tions. When it is considered no longer advisable to maintain the defense, notification is made to the besiegers, either by signal, white Hag, or messenger, and negotiations are entered into to decide on the basis of the surrender. The stipu- lations finally decided on will be governed by the circumstances surrounding the surrender. CAPIZ, ka-peth'. The capital of the province of the same name, on the island of I'anay, Philip- pines (Map: Philippine Islands, G 8). It is situated on the coast, at the mouth of the Rio Panay, and has the most important harbor in the province. Highroads connect the town with Tloilo and Antique. Capiz was founded in 1716. Population, in 1898, 13,070. CAP'LIN, or CAPELIN (Fr. caplan, capelan, of unknown origin). A small fish (Mnlhitus rillosus) of the smelt family ( Argentinidi^) r.bundant on both shores of Arctic America, occur- ring south as far as Cape Cod. It is a very delicious food-fish, and is dried and exported to Great Britain to some extent. The eggs are de- posited in incredible numbers in the .sand along the Arctic sliores, are washed by the waves upon the shore, where they hatch, and where the fry are washed back into the sea. It is of great im- portance to the people of Labrador and New- foundland, and of southern Alaska. See Plate of WllITEFISll. S.MELTS, KTC. CAPMANY Y DE MONTPALAU, kAp- mii'nt' I' ir mrint']i;'i-luu'. Axroxu) |>K (1742- 1813). A Spanish philologist and antiquarian, born in Barcelona, lie at first entered the army and served in the campaign against Portugal. Afterwards he assisted Pablo de Olavide in his attempt to colonize the Sierra Morena. an enter- prise which terminated disastrously, however, and C»])many went to iladrid, where he was made sec- retary of the Royal Academy of History in 1790. When the French took possession of the city in 1808 he (led to Seville and assisted in the Spanish war of independence. In 1812 and 1813 he was a member of the Cortes of Cadiz. His numerous publications, which are widely read in Spain, in- chide the historical works itcmorias histdricas sohrc la mariixi, comcrcio y urics de la aiitigua ciudud de Barcelona (4 vols., 1779-92) ; Codigo d-e las costumbres niaritiyiuis de liareclona (2 vols., 1791), a translation from the Catalan original: and Cucstioncs rriticas sobre nirios puiilos dr liistoria ecoitumica politica y militar (1807), all of which contain valuable details on the coili- nierce, industry, and maritime laws of the Middle Ages. He is probably even more celebrated for his literary and philological works, the l-'iloso§ii de la etocuencia (1812, and often re-edited): Tcatro historico-critico de la elocuencia castrllana (5 vols., 1780-94), republished as Tesoro de pro- sadores espai'ioles (5 vols.. 1841) : and his Dic- cionario franccs-espai'wl (1805). His works are considered models of pure Castilian, which he al- ways strove to preserve. Consult Scmpcre y tiua- rinos, En.iayo de una biblioteca espafiola (6 vols., Madrid, 1785-89). CAP'NOMAN'CY (Fr. capnomantie, from Gk. KOTTvij^, kapnos, smoke + ftavrcia, mantcia, divination). A form of divination practiced either by observing the smoke from incense burned for this purpose, or more commonly in connection with a sacrifice. (See Svperstitiox. ) If the snuike was thin, and ascended in a right line, instead of licing blown back by the breeze, or spreading over the altar, the augury was good. CAPOBIANCO. kii'pd-byiin'kft. The founder and leader of the Carbonari (q.v.). CAPO DI MONTE, ka'pA de mOn'tfi (It., head of the mountain). A place near Naples, where, in 1730, Cliarles 111., King of Naples, caused an establishment to be set up for the pro- duction of soft porcelain. The King took so lively an interest in ceramic art that he even worked with his artists. The first porcelains made at Capo di Monte are said to be such a perfect imitation of the finest .Japanese products tliat they might be mistaken for them. Charles's son, Ferdinand IV., who succeeded him when he left the throne of the Two Sicilies for that of Spain, taking many of the stalV of the porce- lain-works with liim. failed in successfully con- tinuing the fabrication, and it finally sank dur- ing the political crisis of 1821. CAPODISTRIA, ka'p6-dcs'tr;-ft (Slav. Ko- par). A fortified seajiort town of the Austrian Crownland of Istria, situated on a rocky island in the (iulf of Triest, 8 miles southwest of the city of Triest (Map: Austria, (/ 4). It is con- nected with the niaiiiland by a stone causcw;iy. Its principal industries are fishing and shijibuild- ing, and it has a considerable trade in seasalt, oil, and wine. Population, in 1890, 10,700; in 1900, 10,711. Capodistria was knora to the Romans as .Egida, and later as Justinopolis. In the Thirteenth Century it came into the posses- sion of Venice, and in 1797 of Austria. CAPO D'ISTRIA. or CAPODISTRIAS, John Antiioxv, Count (1770-1831). The Ticsi- dcnt of the (Ircek l!cpublic from 1827 to 1831. lie was born in Corfu. February 11. I77. of a family which had come from the lllyrian town of