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* CANTON. 159 CANUCK. The scliool board is chosen on a general ticket for a term of two years. The executive appoints the city board of elections, and, with the consent of the council, sewer, police, and park commis- sioners. The board of health is chosen by the council, and other administrative offices are filled by popular election. The city's income and expenditures exceed considerably $500,000 annually. The principal items of expense are $20,000 for the police department, including amounts for police courts, jails, reformatories, etc.; $23,000 for the fire department; and $110,000 for schools. Population, in 1860, 4041; in 1880, 12,258; in 1890, 26,189; in 1900, 30,667. CANTON. A city and county-seat of Lincoln County, S. D., 70 miles north by west of Sioux City, iowa, on the Big Sioux River, which affords fine water-power, and on the Chicago, Milwaukee and Saint Paul Railroad (Map: South Dakota, J 6). It is the seat of Augustana College and of the United States Government asj'liim for insane Indians. The city contains several grain- elevators, and exports flour, grain, and live stock. Population, in 1890, 1101; in 1900, 1943. CANTON, Fr. pron. kaN'toN' {Fr., from Med. Lat. riinto, cantonum. ultimately probably from Gk. Kav06s, kanflws, felloe of a wheel). In po- litical geography, a division of territory consti- tuting a separate government or State. It is the name given to the twenty-two States in Switzer- iand. In France the canton is a judicial dis- trict, comprising, as a general iiile, a number of communes, but constituting in the case of very large cities only a part of such commune. Caxtox in heraldry is a corner of the escutch- eon cut off by straight lines in the dexter or sin- ister chief. CAN'TON, John (1718-72). An English physicist. For his paper entitled A Method of Making Artificial Magnets Without the Use of Xatiiral Ones, he was honored with a gold medal by the Royal Society in 1751. He and Franklin almost simultaneously discovered that some clouds were charged with positive and others with negative electricity. Canton determined the quan- tity of electricity stored up in Leyden jars, dem- onstrated the compressibility of water, and made several other important contributions to physical science. CANTONI, kan-to'ne, Caklo (1840—). An Italian philosopher, born at Groppello in the Province of Pavia. He studied at the imiversi- ties of Turin, Berlin, and Giottingen, and held professorships at Turin and Milan until 1878, when he was made professor of philosophj- at the University of Pavia. Although a disciple of Kant, he sought to modify many of that philoso- ])her's doctrines, and combated his theory of the dualism of phenomcno)i and noumenon. His works include Ginvanni liattista ^'ico, studii critici e comparativi (1807); Corso elemenlare di filoso- fia (3 vols., 1870, frequently re-edited) ; Eman- ■uele Kant (3 vols., 1879-84)— Vol. I. La filosofia teoretica; Vol. II. La filosofia pratim: Vol. III. ].u filosofia rclifiiosa, la rritira del giudizio. le dottrine minori — and Fsicologia (2d ed.. 1897). Consult: Werner. Kant in Italien (Vienna, 1881) ; and his Die italienische Philosophie des IS. Jahrhunderts (Vienna, 1886) ; and de Ouber- natis, IMrl ionnnire international des ecrivains du jour (Florence, 18S9). CAN'TONMENTS (Fr. cantonnement, from eunloiiiur, to quarter, from canton, quarter), iiiLiTABY. A more or less permanent camp or district, in which soldiers are quartered. In Europe, before the era of railroads and modern scientific warfare and transport, there would be frequently long intervals between active opera- tions, caused principally by the state of the weather, winter, etc.; impassable roads; local or general armistices; and the constantly recurring necessity of waiting for supplies. In such inler- v.tls the troops would go either into a permanent camp of huts, or else be quartered in the houses and villages of the district, when they were said to be in cantonments. Its most modern military usage is in India, where the cantonment is prac- tically a military town, and, in the majority of instances the district inside whose borders live the European part of the population, civil as well as military. Cantonments are built through- out British India, the larger examples containing barracks for European cavalry, infantry, and artillery; rows of bungalows or houses, each, as a rule, inclosed in a garden, for the officers ; rows of huts for the native troops ; magazines, gymnasiums, and parade grounds; public offices and administration buildings; and a bazaar, more particularly for the accommodation of the native troops. CANTU, kan-too', Cesare (1804-95). A dis- tinguished Italian historian and novelist, born at Brivio, near Milan, December 5, 1804. He was educated at Sondrio, where, at an early age, he became instructor in helles-lettres, leaving after four years, to accept a professorship, first in Como, and later in Milan. The liberal tendencies expressed in a work published in 1832, Lomhardy in the Seventeenth Century: An Historical Com- mentary on the "Promessi Sposi" of Man::oni, re- sulted in an imprisonment of thirteen months. Cantil spent his enforced leisure in describing the sorrows of prison life in the form of a widely read historical romance, Margherita Pusterla (1837). His great work is the Storia universale, in 35 vols. (Turin, 1837, sq.), based largely upon French and German sources, but uniformly col- ored with a strong clerical bias. Xext in impor- tance is his History of the Italians, in six volmues (Turin, 1854), and the following also deser'e mention: History of Italian Literature (1865) ; Independence of Italy (1872) : Milan: A Hisiorij of the People for the People (I87I) ; and many monographs upon Parini, Beccaria, Monti, and other men of letters. Cantil became director of the archives of Lombardy in 1874. He died in Milan, Jlarch 11, 1895. Consult Bertolini, Cesare Cantil e le sue opere (Florence, 1895). CANTTTS FIR'MUS (Lat., firm song). The principal voice or melody in concerted music. It was generally assigned by the contrapuntal writers of the Fifteenth and Si.xteenth centuries to the tenor, against which the other voices executed the counterpoint (cantus figuratus). The cantus firmus may be assigned to any voice. CANT^VELL, Doctoe. The title-character in Bickerstaff's Hypocrite. He is a sort of Eng- lish Tartuffe. and was suggested by Dr. Wolf in Cibbcr's Yoh .furor. CANXrCK'. A name applied in the United States to any Canadian, while the English Cana- dians use it to denote a Canadian of French birth. According to Norton's Political American'