Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/191

* CANTERBUEY. 155 CANTICLES. ings of the cathedral estahlisliment include the deanery, the chapterhouse, the treasury, the cloisters, and the baptistery: while remains of the archiepiscopal palace, the prior's house, the dormitory, and hostelries of different grades are also seen in the precincts. Canterbury also contains a number of ancient churches, mostly built of rough flint, and other ecclesiastical buildings of considerable historical importance. The Church of Saint Martin is be- lieved to date from pre-Saxon times, and in it King Ethelbert is said to have been baptized by Saint Augustine. Near by is the Benedictine Abbey of Saint Augustine, which has been re- stored and added to, and is now occupied as a mis- sionary college in connection with the Anglican Church. The Church of Saint Dunstan contains the burial-vault of the Roper family, in which the head of Sir Thomas More is said to have been placed by his daughter. The secular build- ings of interest are the guildhall, containing a collection of ancient arms, the corn exchange, military barracks for cavalry and infantry; the keep of the old castle, now utilized for gas- works; King's School, founded, according to tra- dition, in the Seventh Century, and remodeled under Henry VIII.; Saint John's Hospital, founded by Archbishop Lanfranc ; and, in the Ciiequers Inn, scanty traces of the original hostelry of the pilgrims in Chaucer's Cnnter- hiiiy Talcs, the "dormitory of the hundred beds' having been destroyed by fire in 1865. Besides the two schools already mentioned, the educa- tional institutions include the Simon Langton Schools, opened in 1S82; the Clergy Orphan School, a mile outside the city; and a museum and art school. The city carries on a considerable trade in hops and corn, has important malting and brew- ing establishments, and a specialty in the manu- facture of bra^'n. The manufacture of silks, formerly a thriving industry, has been replaced by manufactures of damask linen and worsteds. The economic branch of Canterbur3''s history is interesting. The city returns one member to Par- liament, and is governed by a mayor, aldermen, and councilors. The civic spirit has always been distinguished by a combative tenaciousness for its rights, and by progressiveness. The city owns real estate, markets, and electric power and lighting works, operated by the heat of a de- structor, which consumes the city refuse; it provides technical instruction and maintains a museum, school of art, cemetery, and an irriga- tion farm, where the city sewage is deposited, chemically treated, and manufactured into ma- nure and sold for fertilizing purposes. Canterbury, the Roman Durovernnm. was built on a ford of the river Stour, at the point where roads from the three fortified Roman ports — Dover, Lj-nne. and Richhnrough — joined the great Roman highway through Britain, later kTiown as Watling Street. It subsequently be- came the Saxon Cantiiyirnbtirh (burgh of the men of Kent), the capital of that southeastern kingdom, and the centre from which England ■was Christianized. The Danes, in the Xinth, Tenth, and Eleventh centuries, often ravaged and burned the city. After the murder and canoni- zation of Thomas !» Becket, C'anterl>ury became of considerable importance as a place of pilgrimage. Ihe poet Chaucer, wlio died in 1400. has furnished interesting contemporary accounts of these Vol,. IV.— 11. religious excursions in his Canterbury Tales. In 1215, during his invasion of England, Louis, Prince of France, took the castle. In 1.381 Tyler's Rebellion (q.v.) originated in Can- terbury. In 1538 the cathedral and other ecclesiastical institutions underwent extensive spoliation at the command of Henry VIII.. and later suffered from fresh exactions levied by Edward 'l. During the Civil War Can- terbuiy was the scene of exciting struggles between the Royalists and the victorious Parlia- mentarians, at whose hands the cathedral sus- tained consideral)le mutilation. Population, in 1891, 23,000; in 1901, 24,900. Consult: Willis, Arcliitectural History of Canterbury Cathedral (2 vols., London, 1845-69) ; Hook, Lires of the Archbishops of Canterbury (12 vols., London, 1860-70) ; Brent, Caiitcrburi/ in the Olden Time (London, 18791 ; Jenkins, Diocesan History of Canterbury (London, 1880) ; Stanley, Canter- bury Cathedral (Philadelphia, 1895); White, Canterbury Cathedral (London, 1896) ; Evans and Goldney, Canterbury (Dover, 1899); "Can- terbury as a Civic Centre," in Municipal Jour- nal, V'ol. VIII. (London. 1899). Snow, '•English History in Canterbilry Cathedral," in Canadian Magazine, Vol. XIV. (Toronto, 1900). CANTERBURY. A provincial district of about 14.040 square miles, on the east coast of South Island, Xew Zealand, with Christchurch (q.v.) as its capital and Lyttelton (q.v.) as its port (Map: Xew Zealand. C 5). Population, in 1891. 128,471; in 1901, 143.040. CANTERBURY BELLS. A name given to Campanula medium, a biennial plant growing to a height of 1 to 4 feet. The stems are erect, very leafy, and the corolla is large, bell-shaped, and inflated. A variety, Calycanthema, which is extensively cultivated, has its calyx colored like the corolla, and is commonly known as cup- and-saucer. from the shape of the flower. Double- flowered forms are common, in which several cups are formed within one another. The Can- terbury bells are among the most extensively cultivated of all the Campanulas (q.v.). CANTERBURY COLLEGE. See Oxford University, CANTERBURY TALES. See Chauceb. CANTHAREL'LUS. See Fu3»-gi, Edible. CANTHAR'IDES. See Blisteb-Beetle. CANTICLES (Lat, canticulum, little song, from canere, to sing. The name of the book is in Lat. canticiini canticorum. song of songs. Gk. gtrjLca <jL(TfjtdTwv, asma asniaton. Heb. shir hash- shir im). One of the books in the Hebrew canon. There is no reference to it in the Old Testament, the Old-Testament Apocrypha, Philo, Josephus. or the Xew Testament. The age of the Greek version is unknown, but it cannot well be later than the First Century ..D. The book is first mentioned in the Mishna (edited about a.d. 200). At the assemlily of .Jamnia (about a.u. 100) the rabbis are said to have been of different opinion as to its canonicit.v. some holding that it was not a sacred book, rendering the hands unclean so that they must be washed after contact with it (see Bible, Canon), while others strongly main- tained its religious value, among these particu- larly R, .kiha. Yadayini. iii. 5, Eduyoth. v, 3. This scholar denounced the men who would sing the songs of Canticles in wine-houses, T,,x,j,bta