Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/187

* CANTARINI. 153 CANTERAC. of whose manner he became a close imitator. He devoted some time to studying the works of Raphael in Rome, and then went to Mantua. Humiliated b_v his unsuccessful effort to paint a portrait of the Duke of Mantua, lie went to Verona, and died there, probably by poison. Though Cantarini approached nearer to Guido than any other of his imitators, and excelled as a colorist, he showed little originality. His etchings, too, are able and spirited, but in these his imitation of Guido is even more apparent than in his paintings. His best-known produc- tions are the paintings: "Assumption" (Bologna Gallery) ; '"Holy Family" (Barbaziano) : "■Trans- figuration" (Milan): "Joseph and Potiphar's Wife" (Dresden Gallery): a portrait of Guido (in Pesaro) : and the etchings "Saint -John in the Wilderness:" "The Repose in Egypt;" another "Repose in Egypt," with the head of the Virgin in profile and Saint .Joseph sitting near her; "Venus:" "Adonis:" "Cupid;" and "Fortune." CANTATA, k:m-ta't!i (It., song, from Lat., It. cantare, to sing). In music, the name of a vocal composition of either a sacred or a secular character, for solo voices, ensembles, and chorus, with instrumental accompaniment. The sacred cantata diii'ers from the oratorio in that it is less subjective, the solos representing individ- uals from a community or a congregation. The secular cantata differs from opera in the absence of stage accessories, and in this respect the name 'lyric scene' is perhaps more appropriate. In mere matter of length the cantata is usually much shorter than the opera or the oratorio. CANTEEN' (Fr. cantine, from It. cantina, cellar 1. ^Military. A place of refreshment, set apart in every army post, wherever practicable, for the use of the rank and file of the troops sta- tioned there. In the United States, the canteen system consists of a number of so-called post exchannes, intended to combine the advantages of a gymnasium and reading and recreation rooms. There are also in the same establishments co- operative stores and restaurants, including lunch counters, where are sold non-intoxicants and to- bacco. The primary purpose of the entire un- dertaking is to furnish the troops, at reasonable prices, with articles of ordinary use, wear, and consumption not supplied by the Government, and to afford them means of rational recreation and amusement. When the exchange or canteen is free from debt, the net profits are distributed among the various organizations stationed at the post, for the maintenance of regimental and post athletic teams and other institutions. Pre- vious to 1901, when the sale of intoxicants was abolished, the post exchange was permitted to sell beer and wine to the troops, the sale of spir- its being, however, prohibited. This department was for the advantage of men confined by their duties to the post, or those not desiring to go outside. Strict regulations were made and en- forced against possible abuses of the privilege; the beverages sold were generally the best pro- curable, and retailed to the soldier at the lowest possible price. As a result of puldic pressure, however, the canteen was formally abolished by act of Congress in 1901. There has been much controversy regarding this side of the canteen, the majority of army officers being .itrongly in favor of the canteen, and the several national temper- ance societies as strongly against it. In England there is a canteen established in every post, barrack, and standing camp : in the latter instance each regiment stationed in the gar- rison or camp has its own regimental canteen, while there is, in addition, a separate establish- ment known as the garrison canteen. The canteen is divided into two parts — the wet canteen, where ale, porter, and mineral water are on sale: and the dry canteen, at which groceries may be pur- chased. A separate institution is installed in all jjermanent barracks, known ;io the 'recreation rooms.' This also is a regimental institution, and generally contains pool and billiard tables, material and accommodations for the jilaying of cards, chess, dominoes, and similar games, for which no charge is made. There is a room in the same building set apart for library and reading-room. In garrisons and standing camps there is a permanent library of considerable size, supplied with standard and current literature. British soldiers are allowed three-quarters of a pound of beef and one pound of bread per diem. This is the regular Government ration ; all other food is purchased by the soldier, for which an average allowance of threepence halfpenny is deducted from his pay. the scale of pay being so arranged as to cover this deduction. The value of this system to the soldier is that it gives him so much increase of pay when away from his mess or regiment. All groceries are to be purchased from the dry canteen, and are retailed to the different company messes at the lowest possible rate. Individual soldiers may also purchase foods and groceries in the smallest possible quantities from the dry canteen, and cooked meals or goods from the regimental cafe or restaurant attached to the recreation rooms. The wet canteen is for the exclusive use of jiri- vate soldiers; neither wines nor spirits are per- mitted to be sold, nor are men allowed to have credit with the steward, as they usually are in the dry canteen, and invariably in the restau- rant. A non-commissioned officer is always on duty, to maintain order and prevent the admis- sion of men denied its privileges. Corporals have their separate canteen, and sergeants their own mess, military discipline not permitting the intermingling of the rank and file. All moneys over and above the expenses and work- ing capital are divided among the various regi- mental organizations and fimds. The canteen as an article of equipment varies in the different armies. In the United States, as in most of the armies of Continental Europe, it is a metal, leather, or wooden flask or boftle, having an average capacity of two pints, in which the soldier carries his liquid refreshment on the march, in which case it is carried slung by a strap over the shoulder. In the British Army such a vessel is called a water-bottle, while the canteen is a combination of pan, dish, and plate, constructed of tin. covered, when not in use, with a thin leather material, and carried, on the march, strapped to the valise (knapsack), pack, or waistbelt, according to the order in which the men are equipped. CANTEMIR, kiin'tyc'-mer'. See Kantemir. CANTERAC. kiin'tA-rak', Jos£ (c.l775183.-i). A Spanish soldier. In 1818 he went to Peru, in command of a detachment sent to assist in quell- ing the revolt there. 'ith General La Serna he fought several eatnpaigns in Upper Peru.