Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/180

* CANON AliEXANDRINUS. 146 CANONIZATION. other parts of the taiioii can hardly be doubt- ed. Three lists of the l)cst authors have been jjrei^erved to us, which do not, liowcvcr, agree in all details: (a) One first publislud by Jlont- faucon, now best edited by Usener in liis Uiony- sius of Halicarnassus, Dc linifdtioiic lieliquim (Bonn, 1880) ; (b) the second, first edited by Cramer, Anccdota Qrceca, TV. (Oxford, 1841) ; (c) a third, published with the two already named by Kroehnert, C'niwnestw Portiinim Hn'iploniiii Arti- Ileum per Antiquitatem fuerunlf (Kiinigsberg, 1897). Further information is given by Diony- sius of Halicarnassus in liis rhetorical writings, Quintilian, book X., Velleius raterculus, i. 10, Proclus in his Crcslomiithii, and by Tzetzcs in his introduction to Lycophron's Alexundra. The older part of the canon jiublished by Montfaueon is as follows: Epic Poets. — Homer, Hesiod, Pisander, Panyasis, Antimaehus. Iambic Poets. — Siraonides, Archilochus, Hipponax. Trage- dians. — xEschylus, Soplioeles, Euripides, Ion, ArchiKus. Comic Poets. — Old Coniedii: Epichar- mus, Cratinus, Eupolis. Aristophanes, Phere- crates, Crates, Plato. Middle Comedi/: Anti- phanes, Alexis. Ae^^■ Comedy: Menander, Phi- lippides, Diphilus, Philemon, Apollodorus. Elegiac Poets. — Callinus, !Mimnermus, Pliiletas, Callimachus. Lyric Poets. — Alcman. Alcipus, Sappho, Stesichorus, Pindai-, Bacchylides, Iby- cus, Anacreon, Simonides. Orators. — Demos- thenes, Lysias, Hyperides, Isoerates, .Eschines, Lyeurgus, Isseus, Antiphon, Andoeides, Dinar- ehus. Historians. — Thucydides. Herodotus, Xeno- phon, Philistus, Theopompus, Ephorus. Anaxi- menes, Callisthenes, Hellanicus, Polybius. To the lists of older poets should be added the list of the Tragic Pleiades, embracing poets of the Third Centura- D.c. — Lycophron, Alexander, Sosi- phanes, Sositheos, Dionysiades, Homer of Byzan- tium, Philiscis. The canon of the ten sophists cannot be earlier than the Fifth Century A.D., for it includes besides Dio Chrysostom. Nicostra- tus, Polemon, Herodes. Atticus, Philostratus, Aristides, the later Libanius. Themistius. Hi- merius, and Eunapius. The dales of the canons of the grammarians and i)hysieians are uncer- tain. Consult: Susemihl, (lesrhirhte der griechi- .':ehen- Litteratur in der Alexandriner-Zeit, II. (Leipzig, 1892) ; Steffen, De Canone qui Dicitiir Aristophaii.is et Aristarehi (Leipzig, 1870) ; and tile works ((uoted above. CANON (k.-in'yon) CITY. A city and county-seat of Fremont County, Colo., 41 miles vest by north of Pueblo, on the .Arkansas Ttiver, 1 mile from the Royal Gorge and (irand Canon, and on the Denver and P.io (irande. the .((hison, Topeka and Santa Fe, and other railroads (Map- Colorado, E 2). It is a noted health resort, situ- ated at an elevation of ."iSt") feet, and surrounded on three sides by mountains, and famed alike for its mineral springs, its healthful climate, and its attractive scenery. The city is possessed of valuable natural advantages: it has abundant water-power; the soil is fertile, and in the vicinity are rich deposits of iron, coal, silver, copper, marble, limeslone, and petroleum. Ca- non City has a public library, and the State Peni- tentiarv is located here. Population, in 1890, 282.5; in 1900, 3775. CANONESS. In the early Christian Church (he name KamviKal, eanonicfr, was applied to women who, living not in communities, but in their own homes, made a vow to remain unmar- ried and took charge of various works of char- ity ; the name was derived from their being enrolled in the otlicial list or canon of the par- ticular church. (See Deaconess.) In the Ninth Centurj', when the development of the canonical life became general (see Caxox), communities of women living under the rule, but not members of a religious order, were known by this name; education was their principal e.- ternal function. Later, as in the case of (he canons, they became dilleientiated into regular and secular. The secular canonesses, especially in Germany, came to difl'er very little from women living in the world; their rules were few and not rigorously observed, and their houses merely safe and dignified homes for unmarried vomen, who were in many cases required to be of noble birth. Several such communities of Protestant canonesses still exist in Germany. For the more I'ormal religious orders of women, see Si.sTERiiooD.s. CAN'ONGATE, The. A street in "Old' Edinburgh, whieh leads from Holyrood Palace U]) to the 'Castle.' It originally connected a distinct suburb, known as the Canongate and built in the Twelfth Century, with the town proper. It contains some tem'ments, a century or a century and a half old, which are notable for their extreme height. See Scott's Chronicles of the Canongate. CANONICAL HOURS. The time lixed for divine service in the Catholic Church, but no longer strictly adhered to. These have not al- ways been the same, and it is not known when nor by whom they were settled; but they are now fixed at seven, viz. matins and lauds, prime, teree, sext, nones, vespers, and compline. These used to be observed as follows: Prime, terce, sext, and nones, at the first, third, sixth, and ninth hours of the day, counting from (> in the morn- ing; vespers at the eleventh hour; compline, or completorium, as comiileting the sei'vices of the day. at midnight; and matins shortly after midnight. The reasons given for dividing the day into seven jjarts were — that in seven days the creation was completed, there are seven graces of the Holy Spirit, seven divisions of the Lord's Prayer, seven ages of a man's life, etc. The hours had also each their mystical refer- ence to certain occurrences in the history of the Passion of Christ. They are called canonical because according to the canon or rule of the Church. The i)roper offices for the canonical hours are to be found in the Breviary (qv.). In lOngland the term is also apjilied to the hours within which marriages may be lawfully cele- brated. These used to be between 8 and 12 in the morning, but ,a recent act extended then) uiit 11 .'! l".M. CANON'ICUS (c.1565-1647). A Narragan- s(t Indian chief, the constant friend of the early colonists, and especially of Roger Williams, to whom lie was strongly attached. It was from him that Williams olitained his title to the lands that now constitute Rhode Island. CANONIZATION. In the Roman Catholic Church, the act of the Pope by which a deceased person is solemnly declared to be a saint. It iiad its origin in the practice in (he eaily Church of inserting in the commemorative prayer of the liturgy the names of those who had died as mar-