Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/18

CALABRIA. CALA'BRIA (Gk. KoXo^pio, A'dtoftna). The southi-rnniost peninsula of Italy, liaving the Ionian Sea and the Gulf of Taranto on the east, and the Tyrrhenian Sea on the west (.Map: Italy. h 8). Its area is .'5819 square miles. The sur- face is very mountainous, the iieninsula being traversed through its entire length by the Ap- ennine Mountains. Owing to its elevated sur- face, Calabria has a moderate and healthful climate. The flora is e.xtreniely rich and varied. The mountain slopes are covered with extensive forests of pine, oak, beech, and numerous other trees, interspersed with vineyards and olive gar- dens. Grain, rice, southern fruit, hemp, and flax are raised and exported in considerable quantities, and the raising of domestic animals is extensively engaged in by the inhabitants. Of mineral products, Calabria yields marble, alabaster, gypsum, salt, and some copper. The province is purely agricultural, the manufactur- ing industries being only slightly represented. 'Ibere are very few large towns, and the railway lines run chiefly along the coast. For adminis- trative purposes, Calabria is divided into tlie three provinces of Catanzaro, Cosenza, and Reg- gie di Calabria, with a total population of 1,36G,982 in 1900. The Calabrians are mostly plain folk, quite superstitious, and generally ig- norant.

In Roman times the name Calabria was given to the southeastern peninsula of Italy, nearly corresponding to the modern Province of Lecce, no portion of which is included in modern Cala- bria, which answers to the ancient Bruttiura. The name Calabria, as applied to the district now known by that name, appears to have orig- inated with the Byzantines some time prior to the conquest of the country by the Normans. Before the unification of Italy Calabria consti- tuted a province of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

CALA'DIUM ( Neo - Lat. : possibly from Scotch Icalc, kail, cabbage — a variant of cole). A genus of aroid plants related to .Xruin. There are about a dozen species, and numerous varie- ties that arc cultivated in hothouses for their large, beautifully variegated, arrow-shaped leaves. They are closely allied to the Colooasias, which, in addition to being highly ornamental bedding plants, furnish the Taro (q.v. ) of the Pacific islands. Sec Ki.epiiant's-Ear.

CALAGANE, ka-la'g-d-ni. A Jlalayan peo- ple on Davao Bay, Mindanao. .See PlllLlpi'lXE.s.

CALAH. An Assyrian city mentioned in Gen. X. 12, and no doubt identical with Kalchu, which frequently occurs in the Assyrian inscrip- tions as the name of an important city. Ac- cording to -Vsurnazirpal (B.C. 88.5-60), Calah was built by Shalnianeser I. (c.1250). It was rebuilt by .surnazir|)al in n.c. H80. He adorned it with a massive wall on the northern side, beautiful gardens along the banks of the Ti- gris, lofty temples, and huge palaces. In one of these palaces was found the 'black oltelisk,' recording the tribute paid bv ".fehu, the son of Omri." to Shalnianeser 11. "(S(iO-2.5). Building operations' were carried on in Calah by Sbal- mancser 1., Asurnazirpal, Shalnianeser 11., Tig- lathpileser III. (74i)-28), Sargon (72205), Ksar- haddon (681-fi8), and .sbar itil-ilani-ukin ( 02ti- ). The largest zikkurat was 107 feet square ing a number of reigns Calah was the residence of the Court, but in population it probably never equaled Nineveh, or even Ashur. It was the city that Layaid discovered at Nimrud, 20 miles south of Koyunjik, when he supposed that he had found Xineveh. Since no tablets have been found at Xinirud. it has been assumed that Sen- nacherib (70.>-(i81) removed the temple library to Xineveh. Consult: Layard, yincvcli ami Its llemuiiis (London. 1875); G. Smith, Asxi/riaii Discoveries (London. 1875) : id., Vhaldcun Ac- count of Genesis (London, 1875): Winckler, Geschichte Bahijloniens tind .issyriens (Leipzig, 1892) ; Rogers. History of Babylonia and Assyria (Xew York. 1901).

CALAHORRA, kii'la-f.r'ra (anciently, Lat. Calayiinis, later Kalutlnnriil of the Saracens, from Ar. Kalnt, castle, and harral, stone). A town of Spain, in the Province of l.ogrono, Old Castile, 24 miles southeast of the city of Logroiio, situated on the small river Cidacos. about 2 miles from its confluence with the Ebro (Map: Spain. D 11. It is the seat of a bishopric, and the cathedral is the principal building. The town has a brisk trade in I(k;i1 agricultural products. Population, in 1897, 9500. Calahorra occupies the site of the ancient Calagurris, celebrated in classic history for the obstinate but unsuccess- ful resistance it oft'ered (B.C. 78) to -franius, Pompey's legate, when the citizens slaughtered their wives and children for food rather than surrender. Calahorra was the birthplace of Quint ilian. the rhetorician.

CALAIS, kal'is. A city and port of entry in Washington County, Maine. 120 miles east by north of Bangor, on the Saint Croix River, at the head of tidewater, and ojipositc Saint Ste- phen in XVw Brunswick (.Map: Maine. .1 5). The most northeasterly seaport in the L'nited States, it is the terminus of the Saint Croix and Penob- scot Railroad, and has railroad communication also by the Canadian Pacific through Saint Stephen, with which it is connected by an in- ternational bridge. The river furnishes abun- dant water-power, to which is due the great lumber trade of the city. Shipbuilding is also an important industry, and there are foundries, machine shops, marble and granite quarries, and manufactures of shoes, calcined plaster, woolen goods, etc. The city contains a ])ublic library of 7500 volumes, Calais Academy, and Memo- rial Park. Pierre du Guast, Sieur de Monts, who in 1005 founded at Port Royal the first French settlement in Canada, spent the winter of 1004-05 on Big Island, within the present city limits. Calais was settled in 1779. incorporated as a town in 1809, and cliartered as a city in 18.50. It was nearly destroyed by fire in .ugust, i870. The government is administered under a charter of 18S:! (revised 1901), which provides for a mayor, elected annually, and a city coun- cil, which elects heads of all departments. Popu- lation, in 1890, 7290: in 1900. 7055. .See I. C. Knowlton. Annals of Calais (Calais. 1875).

CALAIS, k:Vla' ( -Med. Lat. C(i/ai7i<i. ('((/(ii.«is). A seaport town and fortress of the first class in the Department of PasclcCalais, France, on the Strait of Dover, near its narrowest part, the distance from the town of Dover. I^iigland. not lieing more tlian 18 miles (Map: France. II 1). On the south and ea.st, low, marshy grounds, which (an be laid under water for the defense of