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* CANNING. 142 CANNON. ziae of the Danisli fleet at Copeiihagoii, wliiih up- set Xapolcon's iiorthein coiifeUeraey. DitVereiices, runiiiug thruiigli several years, with Lurtl Castle- reagh, eulminated in 1809, ami led to a duel, in «hieh both were hit, though neither was serious- ly injured. In 1812 Canning's eloquence was en- listed in favor of Catholic enianeii)ation. The same year Liveriiool sent him to Parliament, and re|)eated the honor three successive times. In 1814 he was amhassa, on his return, became president of the Board of Control. He supported the Liverpool ilinistry in their repressive measures until 1820, wlien he resigned in conseciuence of the govern- mental action against Qncen Caroline. He was on the eve of departure for India as Governor- Ceneral in 1822. when the suicide of his former antagonist Castlereagh called him to the head of foreign aflairs. In this capacity he infused a more liberal spirit into the Cal)inet, asserted the independence of British ])olitics against entan- glement with the Holy Alliance, and gave new di- rection and impetus to eommerce by a gradual suspension of the prohibitive system. He ar- ranged the relations of Brazil and Portugal, drew the French Cabinet into agreement with the British respecting Spanish American affairs, and was the first to recognize the free States of Spanish America, when he pronounced his famous dictum that "the Xew World had been called into existence to redress the balance of the Old. and would in time outweigh and tojiple over the fabrics of kingcraft, u])on which so many wise men had labored for thousands of years." He promoted the treaty combining Eng- land, France, and Russia, for the settlement of the affairs of Greece: protected Portugal from Spanish invasion, and, among other important home measures, prei)ared the way for the re]K>al of the corn laws. In February, 1827, paralysis attacked his old friend the Earl of Liverpool, and Canning was called upon to form a new ad- ministration. His health, however, ^succumbed to the cares of oflice, and he died at Chiswiek on August 8 in the ro(nn where, twenty-one years earlier. Fox had died. He was buried in West- minster Abbey, near Pitt. Consult: Rueder, G. Caiviinfi, sci)i Lcbcn, elc. (1827): Canning's Speeches, edited by Therry (G vols., 2d cd., London, IS.'iO) : 'Stapletoii. Political Life of Canning (London, 18.31) : Stapleton, George Can- iiing and His Times (London, 1850) : Lord Dall- ing. Historical Characters (London, 1807). For the best account of Canning's connection with the negotiations preceding the War of 1812, see Henrv .Adams, Hist on/ of the United States (9 vols..' Xew York, 1880-91). CANNING, Sir Sami-el (182.3—). An Eng- lish telegraphic engineer, born in Wiltshire. He was a pioneer in the manufacture and submer- sion of cables for submarine telegraphy, was cngineerin-chief of the Atlantic-cable expedi- tions of ISOSCifl and 18fi0, and laid lines from England to Malta, Alexandria, and Gibraltar. CANNING, Sir Str.vtfor!). See Stratiord l)E Lkdc'I.ii TK,, isiiiunt. CANNING INDUSTRY. See Foods, Pres- ERV.vrioN 111. CANNIZZARO, kan'ne-tsii'rA. Stanislao (1820 — ). A celebrated Italian chemist. He was born in Palermo, and studied medicine and eheniistry in his native citv ami later in Pisa. In 1852 he became professor of chemistry in Ales- sandria, in 1857 in Genoa, in 1860 in Palermo, and in 1870 in Koine. In 1871 he was made a Senator. Cannizzaro was one of the ablest de- fenders of Gerhardfs views, and the introduction of Avogadro's rule into science is due almost entirely to the clearness with wliieh he grasped the distinction between atomic and molecular weights. His work has thus given a powerful impidse to the development of modern chemistrj'. Among his minor eontributions may be mentioned the discovery of benzyl-alcohol and of cyanamide. Ostwald's series of Klassiker dcr exal;ten Tlis- senschafien includes Cannizzaro's Ahriss eines hehrqanqcs dcr thcorctischen Chemie (Leipzig, ISOl": iiist published in 1858). See also Chem- istry; AvocAnRo'.s Kile: Atomic Weights; jVIoLECI I.E.s — M0LECUL.R WeIGUTS. CAN'NOCK. An imjiortant coal-mining and iron-manufacturing town in Stall'ordshire, Eng- land, situated in the ancient royal forest of Can- nock Chase, 7''j miles northwest of Walsall (Jlap: England, E 4). Population, in 1801, 20.000: in lllOl, 24,000. CANNON (Fr. canon, gun, from Med. Lat. canon, tube, Lat. canna, reed: confused with Gk. Kavuv, Adii'jH, .straight rod, rule I . Artillery weap- ons not capable of being carried and tired in the hands, and from which projectiles are thrown by the expansive force of gases, produced by the combustion of an explosive. They are either smooth-bore or rilled. The former class of can- non, which are now obsolete, were used to fire spherical projectiles, while from the latter oblong iirojectiles are discharged. Cannon may he divided into three cla.sses: First, guns, or those cannon in which the lenglh of the bore is relatively great in comparison to the calibre; second, mortars, or those cannon in which the length of the bore is relatively small in compari- son with the calibre: third, howitzers, or those cannon wliosc relalivc length and calibre place them between the other two cla.'scs. They may also be classified according to their use into mountain artillery, field artillery, siege artil- lery and seacoast or fortress artillery, a clas- sification which will be observed in this work. A further classification divides them into those in which the powder-charge is inclosed in a me- tallic cartridge-case and those using a cartridge- bag. The former group is subdivided into nia- chine-giuis, revolving cannon, and rapid-fire gins. As to construction, cannon are divided into those made of a single piece and those built up of two or more pieces, as is now usually the case. Built-u]) cannon are either composed of steel forgings. having a tube extending through the length of the bore, with superposed concen- tric hooi)s, or a tube with the remainder of the wall composed entirely or in part of a rectangu- lar, ciroilar, or ribbon form of wire. Service cannon in the I'nited States, excepting machine- guns, are generally of tlic built up, forged-steel type. See Ordnance: Artii.i.erv: Coast Artil- lery: FiELU Artillery: (iixs, Xaval: Howitz- er: Machine Guns: KapidFire Guns: and SiEOE GiTN.s for descriptions and illustrations of various forms of cannon. CANNON, Georoe Q. (1827-1901). An influ- ential lea<ler of the Mormon Church. lie was born in Liverpool. England, was early converted to the Monnon faith, and acc(unpanied his par*