Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/166

* CANDELABRUM. 134 CANDLE. delabra liavp been found in Etniria. Ilcrcnla- m'uni, and Pompeii, showing great skill in the elaboration of the details. Among the most splendid examples are the great marble can- delabra whieh seem to have been placed in temples or palaces. These show a marble base, often riehly decorated, from which rises a col- i.mnar shaft usually ending in a hollow, which may have served for oil or incense. Similar marble bases for the support of bronze candela- bra are by no means infrequent. Kxaniples of candelabra may be found in the plates of the .l/«sfo Orcfjoriano, or in the works of Over- beck. Pompeii in seinen Oebanden, Alterthiimern vnd Kunstwerlcen (4th ed., Leipzig, 1884); Mau-Kelsev, Pompeii: Its Life and Art (New- York. 188St). CAN'DIA. See Ckete. CANDIA, or ^Megalokastkon. Formerly the capital of Candia or Crete, on the north shore of the island, latitude 3.'i° 20' N. and longitude 2.5° 9' E. It is surrounded by fortifications built by the Venetians, but which are now out of repair. The town has been much injured by earthquakes. Candia occupies the site of the an- cient Heracleum, the seaport of Cnosus. The present city was founded by the Saracens in the Kinth Century, was fortified in the Twelfth Cen- tury bv the Genoese, and greatly strengthened by the" Venetians in the following three centuries. It was taken by the Turks in 1669, after a stub- born defense bV the Venetians, who lost 30,000 men. Population, in 1900. 22,33L CANDIDATE (Lat. candidatus, dressed in the white toga, toga Candida). In ancient Home, an aspirant to one of the higher magistracies, as consul, tribune, a-dile, or pra'tor. He was so called because of the white garment in which he appeared in public during the period of his candidature. His dress was chosen partly as an ostentation of humility, and partly as the means of displaying wounds received in battle. The candidature comnumly lasted two years; in the first year, the candidate was tested by the Senate, whose decision, if favorable, was ratified by the popular assemblies; and in the second his name was entered in the list of can- didates. During this period occurred the am- hiiio, or canvassing of voters, which often gave occasion to enormous bribery, in spite of the severe enactments passed to prevent the corrup- tion of the electors. The elected candidate was styled designatus. In the early Christian Church newly baptized converts were styled candidates, on account of the white garments worn during the eight days after baptism. In modern times a Oerinan pro- bationer or theological student who has been apjiroved before the highest ecclesiastical au- thorities is called a canilidate: but a still broad- er signification is, in Englisli-speaking lands, also attached to the word — an applicant for any oftiee whatever, religious or secular, being termed a candidate. CANDIDE, OXJ L'OPTIMISME, kaN'ded' iHi lop'tf''m«^'z'm (Lat. c((iirfi</Hs. shining). A pes- simistic novel by Voltaire (1759), so named from its philosophic hero. Candide. CAN'DIDUS, William (1840—)'. An Ameri- can singer, born in Philadelphia. Pa. During the Civil War he attained the rank of major of Federal artillery. He studied for the opera under Ivonapazeck in Herlin and Houclietti in jMilan. and became, in 1880, a member of the opera of Frankfort-on-the-Main. He was also connected with the American Opera Company. CANDLE ( l.at. citndcla. from candrrc, to be white, glow). A cyliiuler of wax or fatty mat- ter, with a wick, intended for giving light. Candles are made of tallow, the solid portion of palm and cocoanut oils, bleached wax, sperma- ceti, and |)aralTm, and other oily substances found in coal, slialo, and gas tar. They are either dipjied. molded, or rolled. 'Dips' are made by stretching a number of wicks upon a suitable frjyiie, so that they may hang down at a distance from each other equal to about double the intended thickness of the candle ; these are then dipped in a trough of melted tal- low and hung >ipon a rack until cooled, then dipped again and again, until the required thick- ness is obtained. The (li|)per has a number of frames prepared before commencing tlie opera- tion, and by the time he has dipped the last the first is cool encmgh to dip again. The tal- low in the trough has to be kept only a little above its melting-point, for if it were much hotter it would melt away a portion of the tallow already on the wick, instead of adding to it. Molds, or mold candles, arc made by pouring the tallow into a metal tube, along the axis of whieh the wick has been previously fixed. The.se tubes are well polished in- the in- side, and several are fitted in a frame, the >ip- I'cr part of which forms a trough, into which the molds all open. Thus, by pouring into the trough, all the molds are filled at once. Some process of molding is now used in the manu- facture of candles of all materials except those of wax, and mncliines are employed. Wax candles are not molded, on account of the great amount of contraction which wax undergoes on cooling, and tlie dilliculty of re- moving it from the molds. The wicks are warmed and suspended over a basin of melted wax, hich is poured over them imtil they acquire the proper thickness; they are then rolled, while hot, between two flat pieces of smooth, hard wood, kept moist to prevent ad- hesion. Pure stearic acid, or stearin, the chief fatty acid of tallow so largely used for candles, is a hard, crystalline substance, perfectly dry and free from any greasiness, with a somewhat pearly lustre. Us crystalline structure presents a dilliculty in the manufacture of c:indles, for when cast in molds it contracts on cooling, and leaves small spaces between the crystals. This has been obviated by mixing the stearin with a little wax or paratlin and pouring into hot molds. Paraflin (q.v.). a wliite, crystalline body, ob- tained hy distillatiim from canuel coal, etc., af- fords a beautiful white and clear material for candles, and liaving thus, in a great degree, the properties of wax at a nuich smaller expense, it is much used for this purpose. Ozocerite (q.v.) is another oily mineral suljstance used for can- dles. For candles as standards of illumination, see PlIOTOMIOTKY. To obviate the necessity of snulfing candles, several devices have been ado]>ted. In all of them the object is effected by causing the wick to bend over and its end to fall outside of the