Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/165

* CANCELLERIA. 133 CANDELABRUM. CANCELXERIA, kan-cha'ia-re'a. Palazzo Dki.i.. a Renaissance palace in Rome, the liiastei'pieoe of Bramante. It was built in 1489 for Cardinal Riario, and is connocteii with the Church of San Lorenzo in Daniaso. built on the site of the Basilica of Dainasus I. The chief feature of the palace is the graceful court with a double row of red Egyptian granite pillars, lemoved by Damasus from Pompey's Theatre to his basilica and thence to the palace. CANCER. See Tumok. CANCER (Lat., crab). The fourth of the twelve signs of the zodiac, running from 90° to 120° on the ecliptic (q.v. ). The constella- tion Cancer contains the interesting cluster called Pra-sepe. which has been carefully meas- ured very recently at Giittingen with the heliom- eter. and photographically at Columbia Uni- versity. Xew York. See Preoes.siox : Zouiac. CANCER, Teopic of. See Tropics. CANCER-ROOT, or Beech-Drops (Epiplie- giiK riryiniana). A parasitic plant of the order Orobanchaceae. It is a native of Xorth Amer- ica, growing almost exclusively on the roots of beech-trees. Like all the otlier plants of its order, it has a curiou.s appearance, having scales instead of leaves. Its stem is branching, and produces distant alternate white flowers, streaked with purple. The whole plant is pow- erfully astringent, and the root is brownish, spongy, very bitter, and nauseous in taste. This plant at one time had quite a reputation as a cure for cancer, and, in conjunction with white o.vide of arsenic, is believed to have formed a medicine once famous in the United States un- der the name of 'Martin's Cancer Powder.' An- other American plant, the Indian pipe (iloiw- trojMi iinifloru), is sometimes also called cancer- root, and is used in the same way ; and an in- fusion of the common broom-rape (Orobanche major), a native of Great Britain and of the south of Europe, parasitic on the roots of broom, furze, and other leguminous jjlants, has been employed as a detergent application to foul sores. The attachment of the cancer-root to the roots of the beech-tree is said to be a case of the intervention of myeorrhiza or fungus fila- ments penetrating and investing both roots. Through these connections the parasite gains its sustenance. Being without functional leaves, it cannot make its own food. (See Broom- Rape. I For illustration, see colored Plate of Para.sitic Plaxt.s. CANCRIN, kan-kren', Georg, Count (1774- 1845), A Russian statesman. lie was born at Hanau, Germany, and studied law and political economy at Giessen and .Marburg. He then went to Russia, where his father was director of the saltmines of Staraya Russa. was (irst employed by him and then in the Ministry of the Interior. He subsequently entered the ariiiy, and attracted attention by liis writings on military subjects. In 1812 he was appointed commissary-general of all tlie forces, and in 1814 accompanied the Czar .Ie.ander I. to Paris. He was IMinister of Finance from 1823 until 1844. In some respects he gave a great stinnilus to the national indus- tries, and by his financial management brought order into the financial chaos, but the unlimited issue of paper money sanctioned by him paved the way for subsecpient financial disaster. His chief works are: hilenintioiinl Winllh. (itio))al J Wealth, and Political Economy (1821); and The Economy of Human Societies (1845). CAN'CRUM O'RIS (Xeo-Lat., from Lat. can- in; cancer -f oris, Lat. gen. sing, of o.s, mouth ), Xoma, or Gangrenous Stomatitis. A gangre- nous process which usually begins on the gums or cheek in children, following an exhausting disease such as measles. It is very rare, an<l is caused by streptococci, the bacteria of pus, acting upon tis"- sues of low vitality. It is also found attacking the ear and the female genitals. The gangrene spreads rapidly, invades the surrounding tissues, and causes death in 75 per cent, of cases. In those in which it is not fatal, a line of demarca- tion appears, a slough separates, and granulation occurs. Among the symptoms of eancrum oris may be mentioned: profound prostration; a tem- perature of 102° to 105° F.: dullness, apathv, and diarrhoea. There is little pain. Patients suf- fering from the affection should in all cases be isolated. The mouth should be carefully disin- fected with peroxide of hydrogen or with' a weak solution of potassium permanganate, and sup- porting and stimulating food and medicine should be given. Surgical treatment, if at all employed, consists in making a thorough e.xeision of the dis- eased tissue and cauterizing, or else applying nitric acid. CANDABA, kan-da'ba. A to-n of Luzon, Philippines, in the Province of Pampanga. It lies 20 miles from Bacolor, the capital of tlie province, and west of the Pinag de Candaba, an inl.and marsh of considerable size. The tora was founded in 1578. Population, in 1898, 14,585. CANDACE, kan'da-se. The name of two or more queens of Ethiopia (q.v.) — i.e. Nubia — in Roman times. According to Pliny, Candace was the usual name for Ethiopian queens, or, rather, for the mother of the King, Two Candaces are knov.n to history. One, a one-eyed virago, at- tempted to invade Egypt in B.C. 22, but the Roman governor, Petronius, defeated her and penetrated to her capital, Xapata (q.v.), which he destroyed. Another Candace, who seems to have been a contemporary of Xero, is mentioned in Acts viii, 27 et seq., where it is stated that her treasurer was converted by Philip. Her residence was at Jleroe. CANDAHAR, kan'da-har'. See Ka.n'daiiar. CANDAULES, k:m-d.r!'lez. See Gyges. CANDEISH, kan-dash'. See Khandesh, CAN'DELA'BRUM (Lat., from candela, a c:)ndle). A word signifying properly a candle- stick, but frequently employed to mean a sup- I)ort for a lamp. The candelabra proper were of sufficient height to stand upon the floor, and though the forms vary greatly in details, the general shape is well defined. Those from Etruria have a base, usually formed of three feet of siuue animal, from which rises a slender shaft, often crowned by a statuette. Near the toj) four arms branch, terminating in spikes on which the candles were placed. A metal disk l)elow the arms protected the hand, if it were needful to move the candelabrum, Tliis pattern was easily modified to serve as a support for the small han<l lamps, sometimes by placing flat plates on the top of the shaft and ends of the arms, sometimes by suspending the lamps by chains from the branches, Manv bronze can-