Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/16

CAJAMARCA. of 12.538 square miles, coniprisiiif; a liisrlily mountainous distrii-t which belongs to the l)asin of the river Marafion. PopuUition. in ISiXi. 442.- 412. Tile department is noted rather for mineral wealth — principally gold, silver, copper, iron, and coal — than f<)r animal or vegetable life. Cajamarea until 18.54 formed part of the De- partment of Libertad.

CAJAMARCA, or CAXAMARCA, kiiHii- mJir'ka ((.liiirhua ccufiKiir. cu-^ac. frost, ice 4- mttirii, place, town, referring to its severe cli- mate). A city of Peru, capital of the dejiartment of the .same "name, situated on the east slope of the Andes, at an elevaticm of about 0000 feet above sea-level: 84 miles from the Pacific coast and 310 miles north by west of Lima (Map: Peru, H 5). It enjoys a moderate temperature; is laid out with broad streets crossing at right angles; and contains several plazas. There are two fine churches, secondary colleges for both sexes, a prison of modern construction, and the ruins of the palace of Astopilco, where Atahualjia, the last of the Incas, was killed in 1533 by Pizarro. Cajamarea is one of the <ildest cities the Spanish Conquest. Three miles to the east, are hot sulphur springs known as the Incas' baths. The most important manufactures are steel articles, cotton and woolen goods, and straw- hats. Population, about 12.000.
 * of Peru, and figured prominently at the time of

CAJ'EPUT (Malay haya, tree + pnlili, white). MtUilriicu hiicadendroti. A tree of the order iMyrtaccir. from the leaves of whidi the pungent, aromatic, volatile oil called oil of cajeput is obtained by distillation. The cajeput- tree occurs from the ilalay Peninsula to Aus- tralia, and is a tree 30 to' 40 feet high and 2 feet in diameter, with a crooked trunk, pa|MTy bark, white wood (whence the name, cajeput). elliptical, lanceolate, alternate leaves, and ter- minal spikes of wliite llowers. The greater Jiuin- ber of the s[)ecies are natives of .ustralia. where more tlian a dozen well-marked species are known, some of them very beautiful shrubs and frequent ornaments of British hothouses. Much of the oil of cajeput of commerce is pre- pared from Melaleuca leucadeiidron, but yola; tile oils similar in many respects are distilled from the leaves of many other species. A hun- dred pounds of leaves 'yield slightly less than one pound of oil. It is mairtained by some that the true oil of cajeput comes only from Melaleuca minor, but that species cannot be dis- tinguished liolanically from Melaleuca leucaden- dron. The oil contains a number of complex constitutents, as cajeputol, hydrocarbcms, vari- ous ethers, etc. It is a stimulant, counter-irri- tant, diaphoretic, and antiseptic. In India it is used extensively as an external applii'ation for rheumatism. The oil is rather heavy, and usually is of a greenish tinge. The wood is hard, close-grained, and durable, especially when placed under ground. The bark is useful for packing, etc. In Australia these trees arc known as tea-trees. Melaleuca axillaris pro- duces a thin, spongi' hark, that can be used for blotting and filter paper.

CAJ'ETAN (I.at. Cajetanus) (1469-1534). An Italian ecclesiastic, who.se real name was .lacopo de Vie (in religion Tomaso), the name Cajetan being assumed by him from his birth- place Gaeta (Cajeta). "At the age of 15 he entered the Dominican Order, studied for the next few years at Naples. Paihia. and Ferrara (where he lield bis own in a public disputation with Pico della Jlirandola). and in 150S became general of his order. Leo X. made him a car- dinal in 1517, and in the following year sent him to (lermany to urge the Kmperor and the Scandinavian kings to form a league against the Turks. While on this errand he was com- missioned to examine Luther ix>rs(mally, and send him to Rome if need were. Luther ap- peared before liim at .ugsl>urg. but refused to retract his teaching on indulgences, and his breach with the Church was only widened by the discussion. In 1523 Cajetan was sent as legate to Hungary: but Clement VII., (m his acces- sion, recalled him to Rome, in order to make use of his theological knowledge and counsel, lie was consulted on the divorce of Henry VllL, and decided unhesitatingly against it. He made a translation of the Old Testament, with a com- mentary, and wrote a treatise on the authority of the Pope, which was answered by the faculty of the Cniversit.v of Paris. He also wrote com- mentaries upon parts of .Vristotle's writings, and upon the Summa of Atpiinas. The latter is reprinted in the definitive edition of the great Aquinas issued under the )iatronage of Leo XIII. (q.v.) (Rome, 1882). He died in Rome, August n. 1534. A collection of his works ap- peared at Lyons in l(i3i) (5 vols.); his life is ])reflxed. Consult, also. Scliilbach. De Vita ac Scriptis de ] io Cajetani (Berlin. 1881).

CAJIGAL, kii'He-gal', Fr. (isco AntoniO ( I(i!l5-1777 ). A Spanish colonial governor, born in Santander, Spain. He was (iovernor of San- tiago. Cuba, from 1738 to 1747, and in 1742, during the war l>etween Spain and Kngland, re- pelled an attack of Admiral Vernon (ii.v). In 1747 he was appointed Oovernor-ticneral of Cuba, which position he held until 1700, establishing a navy-yard and arsenal at Havana during his term ofofllce. From 1700 to 1701 he was a vice- roy of Mexico nj interim, and afterwards, until his deatli. lived in Spain.

CARCHIQUEL, k!ik'chAk."il'. .Vn important tribe or nation, of ilayan stock, formerly hold- ing the central districts of Cuatemala, where their descendants still reside. The name is that of a native tree, and their language is a dialect of the Quiche. At the time of their conquest by Alvarado. about 1524, they had attained a high degree of culture, as is evidenced by their architectural remains, their calendar and hiero- glyphic systems, and their native literary pro- ductions. They had an intense religious venera- tion for maize! and there is even reason to sup- pose that they were the firs^ people to reclaim it from its original wild conditiim. The l)est compendium of their hi-story and culture is Briuton's Aiinnh of the ('akchi(juelx.

CAKES, The L. u of. A title applied to Scotland, on account of the baps, scimes, and oatmeal cakes which, with porridge, form the principal food of the country people. The epi- thet was jircvalcnt in the Eighteenth Century.

CAKE-URCHIN. See Sand-dollar, and Sea-Iui lllN.

CAL'ABAR (OLD) RIVER. An estuary-like bav on the north side of ihc Bight of Biafra, which penetrates British Nigeria just west