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* CANADA. 119 CANADA BALSAM. 1865-66) : Miles, History of Canada Under tho French Hcf/ime (ilontreal, 1881); Winsor, Car- ikr to Frontenac (Boston, 1894) ; and especially Parkman's works. The Pioneers of France in the Hew World (Boston, 1865) ; The Jesuits in jforth America (Boston, 1867) ; La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West (Boston, 1869) ; The Old Regime in Canada (Boston, 1874) ; Frontenac and Xew France Under Louis XIV. (Boston, 1877); A Half Century of Con- flict (Boston, 1892) ; and Montcalm and Wolfe (Boston. 1884). For the period since 1760, con- sult: Bourinot, Canada Under Uritish Rule (Cambridge, 1901); Pope, Memoirs of John Alexander Macdonald (2 vols., London. 1894) ; Lindsey, Life and Times of William Lyon Mac- kenzie (Toronto, 1802) ; Bibaud, Histoire du Canada sous la domination anglaise (3 vols., Montreal, 1837-78); Dent, Story of the Upper Canadian Rebellion (2 vols., Toronto, 1885), and The Last Forty Years: Canada Since the Union of 1S41 (2 vols., Toronto. 1881) ; Durliam, Report on the Affairs of British yorth America (Lon- don, 1838; republished. London, 1901); and Read, The Canadian Rciellion of 1S37 (Toronto, 1896). The best comprehensive histories are Kingsford. History of Canada (10 vols., To- ronto, 1887-98) ; Garneau, Histoire du Canada (4 vols., Quebec, 1845-52; English translation, 2 vols., Montreal, 1860) ; Bryce, Short History of the Car.idian People (London, 1887) ; Greswell, Geoffraphy of the Dominion of Canada (London, 1891); Parkin, The Great Dominion (London, 1895) ; British America, British Empire Series (London, 1900) ; Lucas, .-1 Historical Geoqraphy of the British Colonies, Vol. V. (Oxford, 1901) ; The Dominion of Canada, prepared by the British Association for the Advancement of Science (Lon- don. 1897) ; Annual Rejyorts of the Geological and yatural Histori/ Surrey of Canada (Ottawa, 1872. et seq.) ; Wilfmott, Mineral Wealth of Can- ada (London, 1898) : Joncas, Fisheries of Canada (London. 1885) : Dilke. Problems of Greater Brit- ain (London. 1890) ; Adam, The Canadian Sorth- fcest : Its History and Its Troubles (Toronto, 1885) ; Dawson, Fifty Years' Work in Canada (London, 1901); Masson, Les bourgeois de la compngnie du yord-Ouesi (Quebec. 1889) ; Mill, Xew Lands (Philadelphia, 1900). CANADA BALSAM, or C.x. . TiTiPEXTlNE. A kind of turpentine obtained from the Balm of Gilead fir (Abies or Picea bahamea), a native of Canada and the northern parts of the I'nited States. It is a greenish-yellow, transparent liquid, having an agreeable odor, resembling that of turpentine, and a bitterish, acrid taste. When freshly exuded from the tree, it has the con- sistency of thin honey; on exposure to the air, however, it gradually dries up, forming a solid, transparent mass. Canada balsam is an oleo- resin. consisting of 20 to 30 per cent, of a volatile oil, and 70 to 80 per cent, of a solid, composed mainly of two varieties of resin. It is the finest kind of turpentine obtained from any of the conifer.T, and was formerly employed for medic- inal purposes, particularly as a stimulant for the cure of mucous discharges, and as a detergent application to ulcers. It is now used for a va- riety nf purposes in the arts — as an ingredient in varnislies. in mounting objects for the micro- scope, in photography, and by opticians as a cement, particularly for connecting the parts of achromatic lenses to the exclusion of moisture and dust. Its value for optical purposes is very great, and depends not only on its perfect trans- parency, but on its possessing a refractive power nearly equal to tluit of glass. CANADA CLERGY RESERVE. See Po- litical P.VRTiKs. Canada. CANADA HEMP. See Dogb. e. CANADA JAY, PORCUPINE, etc. See .Jay; I'okcvpixe: etc. CANADA SNAKEROOT. See Asababacca. CANADA THISTLE. See Thistle. CANADIAN LITERATURE. A classifica- tion under which is grouped tlie large company of writers, both French and English, who are connected with the Canadas by birth or by resi- dence. The expression is open to some objection, but has been adopted for the sake of conven- ience. French Canada, comprising mainly the Province of Quebec, long severed from France, has developed an interesting phase of French literature, and English Canada, comprising, so far as her literature is concerned, mainly the Maritime Provinces and .Ontario, has her own traditions and history. French Canada. — Canada was first settled by the French, who established their largest col- onies in the valley of the Saint Lawrence. Que- bec early became the centre of some culture. The Jesuit college founded there in 1635 an- ticipated Harvard by one year. In 1639 an Ursuline convent was also opened, and later in the century Laval, the famous Bishop of Que- bec, established his seminaries, which have since developed into the great Roman Catholic uni- versity. The first books, written by explorers and- Roman Catholic missionaries, deal with discovery, tradition, and history. Champlain (q.v. ), the founder of Quebec (1608), published many admirable narratives, beginning with a description of his first voyage, 1599-1601. His works, frequently issued in Paris during the Seventeenth Century, have been carefully edited by Laverdi&re (C vols., Quebec, 1870). Lescar- bot (q.v.). who bore a part in the settlement at Acadia (Xova Scotia), published the interest- ing Histoire de la youvelle France (Paris, 1609), to which was added a collection of poems called Les muses de la youvelle France. Other works produced under the French regime are: Gabriel Sagard's Grand voyage (Paris. 1632) ; Pierre Boucher's Maritrs- et productions de la youvelle France (Paris, 18G4) ; the narratives of missionary adventure known as the Hrlntions des Jesuites. edited, with English translation, by R. C;. Thwaites (71 vols.. Cleveland. Ohio. 1896-1901): La Potherie's Histoire de VAme- rif/uc Septentrionale dcpuis lo.i'i jusqii'a J701 (4 vols., Paris, 1722) ; the Jesuit Lafitau'a Moeurs des sauvages am&riquaing (Paris, 1724) ; and Le Clercq's Etnhlissement of la foy (2 vols., Paris, 1691; English translation by J. G. Shea, Xew York, 1881). The line of these early writers closes with Charlevoix (q.v.), a Jesuit traveler, whose Histoire et description gend- rale de la youvrUe France (3 vols.. Paris. 1744; English translation by J. G. Shea, 6 vols.. New York. 1866-72) is a work of great merit. Taken altogether, the books composed by priests and officials form a bodv of history unequaled in interest and style by anything