Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/129

* CAMPUS. 103 CANAAN. erecting a stone building for the voting of the people, bit Agrippa did most for the place by erecting many structures, among them his baths and the original Pantheon; and Augustus added his owTi mausoleum and the Ara Paeis. Later emperors crowded this particular campus with public buildings and private residences. It was certainly not within the pomeriitm before the time of Hadrian, but whether it was included by him or by Aurelian is uncertain. The district in which the old Campus was situated is now called Canipo ilarzo. Another ancient campus was the Scclcratus, the polluted tield, where ves- tals who had been untrue to their vows of chas- tity were buried alive. The open grounds around American colleges often bear the name of campus. CAMPUS ESQUILI'NUS. A tract of land outside of the Servian agger at Rome, once used as a burial-place for slaves and the lower classes, whose bodies were thrown into common pits. Its unsanit.iry condition made it a menace to the city, and the cemeterj- was suppressed under Au- gustus. Mipcenas covered the whole region with clean earth to the depth of 25 feet, and on the new-made land laid out his famous gardens. CAMPVERE, kiimp-var', now called Vebe, Veere, or TEB-^'ERE. A small fortified town of tlic Xetherlands, situated on the eastern coast of the island of Walcheren, in the Province of Zea- land, -t miles northeast of ilidilelburg (Map: Xetherlands, B 3 ). The to«Ti has fallen into decay; but its former prosperity is indicated by the town-hall of white freestone, with an ele- gant tower, and by the large and beautiful cathedral, which is no longer used. The town has some historical interest. It was the first tc proclaim William III., Prince of Orange, Gen- eral Stadtholder. The tn«-u eti'ectiially repelled the attack of the Spaniards in 1572. CAMTOOS (kam-tos' or kam-toiSs') RIVEB. See GAiiTix>.s. CAMUCCINI, ka'moo-che'ne, VixcEXZo (1775-1S44). . Italian painter, born in Rome. His lirst instruction was received from his brother, but afterwards he became a pupil of Coni. He studied the works of Raphael and Domenichino: but it was the arrival in Rome of the French artist David that stimulated him to the work of painting in a classic manner sub- jects from Roman history. His "Romulus and Remus" and the "Death of Caesar" were produced at this time, .mong his works extant in Rome are "The Incredulity of Saint Thomas" ( in mo- saic at Saint Peter's), and "The Conversion of Saint Paul." Camuccini was made a member of the Institute of France, and Francis I., of Aus- tria, bestowed on him the Order of the Iron Crown. As a man of superior taste and consid- erable fortune, Camuccini devoted himself to col- lecting pictures and objects of art, and in 1856 seventy of, the pictures of his collection were pur- chased by the Duke of Northumberland. The 'Madonna with the Pink," by Raphael, was the most important of them. CAMUS, ki'mi.i' or ka'mus'. Arm. d G.stox (174O-1S041. A French politician, born in Paris. His legal ability and radical zeal brought him into prominence after 17S!). He secured and pub- lished the so-called 'Red Hook.' which contained a damaging record of Court extravagance. He was, as member of the Ccmvention, the most em- phatic opponent of all secret orders and ecclesi- astical privileges. In 1793, while attempting to capture Dumouriez, who was charged with trea- son, he was himself captured. After two years and a half, the Austrians exchanged him for llie daughter of Louis XVI., and on his arrival in Paris he evoked a great deal of sympathj- by re- counting the hardships of his confinement. The Council of Five Hundred made him a member by legislative enactment, and subsequently he be- came president of that body. His best ser-ice was performed when, as conservator of the na- tional archies, he preserved from destruction the old documents of the abolished corporations and institutions. He wrote a number of valuable legjil works. He died November 2, 1804. CAM'WOOD (African kambe, native name for the tree + Eng. irood). or B.rwood. A dye- wood which yields a brilliant but not permanent red color, and is used with sulphate of iron to produce the red color in English bandanna handkerchiefs. It is the wood of Baphia nitida, a tree of the order Legiun inosa>, a native of , - gola. It is preferred to brazilwood, as producing a finer and richer red. CANAAN, ka'non (Heb. Kana'an, Gk. Xdvaav, Chanaan, perhaps from Heb. kana, to be low). According to Hebrew tradition, a son of Ham, Gen. X. 6. The curious story is told of him in Gen. ix. 22-27, that he was cursed because of a ^vrong done not by him, but by Ham to Noah, The latter, becoming dnink with wine, lay un- covered in his tent. Ham saw his father's naked- ness, and told his brothers, Shem and Japheth, who covered their father with a garment, walking backward so that they might not see their father in an exposed state. Since it was Canaan who is cursed, and not Ham, it is claimed by many Bible critics that the stoi-y was originally told of the former, and the story itself is said to illustrate the opposition to agriculture, of which there are other traces (see article Abel) in the Old Testament traditions, and also reflects the hostility of the Hebrews to their bitter ene- mies, the Canaanites. It is also claimed that in an older tradition, woven into the Pentateuch, the three sons of Noah were Shem, Japheth, and Canaan, the first representing the Hebrews, the second a people adjacent to the Hebrews (per- haps the Pha?nicians ), and Canaan the Canaan- ites, Subsequently, when the tradition became enlarged to represent all peoples knoM-n to He- brew writers. Ham took the place of Canaan and became the general designation for nations hostile to the Hebrews. (See Haii; Japheth.) Canaan, in reality, is merely the eponymous an- cestor of the Canaanites. and is also the common designation in the Old Testament for the land to the «est of tho .Jordan, conqxiered by the Helirews between the Thirteenth and the Eleventh cen- turies B.C. It should, however, be stated that the term is used rather indefinitely, and is some- times made to include territory to the east of the Jordan, since that too was in part settled by the Hebrew clans. To the west of the Jordan the term is extended to include Philistia (e.g. Zeph. ii. 5) and Ph<pnicia (e.g. Isa. xxiii.), though in general it is limited to the territory actually occupied by Hebrew settlements, that is, the later kingdoms of .ludah and Israel. From the Egyptian inscriptions, in which the name Ka-n-na appears as early as b.c, 1800. it is evident that Canaan was originally applied to the Phoenician coast (including Philistia) and