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* CAMPOMANES. 102 CAMPUS. CAMPOMANES, kam'pu-ma'niis, Pedro Rod- BlorEZ, Cuuut ( 17:i3-lS02). A Spanish states- man :uul political economist. He was born in Asturias. His talents and learning were devoted to the advancement of his native country. He aeqiiired a high reputation for legal attainments and was appointed fiscal and subsequently presi- dent of the Supreme Council of Castile. He held other high offices, among them that of director of the Royal Academy of History in Madrid. By his enlightened view of state policy as well as by his writings, which gave him a place among the most eminent Spanish authors, he obtained a great reputation throughout Europe. His atten- tion was chiefly devoted to economic studies. He pointed out how the impoverishment of Spain was due to oppressive laws, that tended to dis- courage commerce and industry. He sided with Count Aranda in his policy of expelling the Order of the .Tesuit.s from the Spanish dominions. Cani- pomanes was a man of great intelligence and the highest probity, and gained the affection and admiration of all his as.sociat«s. At the sugges- tion of Benjamin Franklin, Campomanes was chosen an honorary member of the Philosophic Society of Philadelphia. His chief works are: Aiififiiiedtid mtiritinia de la rcpChlica de Cartago (Madrid, 1756) : Discurso sobre el fomento de la indu^tria popular (1771); Discurso sobre la cducaci6n popular de los artisanos (1775) ; and Tratndo dc la rcr/alia de amortizacidn (1765). CAMPORI, kani-po're, Ces.re, Marquis ( 1814- 80). An Italian historian, born in Motlena. His masterpiece is the exhaustive biography, Rai- mondo Montecurcoli. i suoi tempi e la sua famiglia (Florence, 1876). A collection of his works was published posthumously under the title of Mcmrrric patrie, storiche e biografiche (Modena, 1882). Consult ilatteo Ricci, "Cesare Campori," in Ifitrnlli e profili politici e littc- rarii (Florence, 1880). CAMPOS, kiim'posh (Portug., plains, Lat caminis, held). A city of Brazil, in the State of Rio de Janeiro, on the Parahyba River, which is navigable for small steamers to this point, about 30 miles from its mouth (Map: Brazil, J 8). It has good railro:id connections, and canals extend to the coast. The city is lighted by electricity and contains several fine buildings. It controls an import.mt trade as the centre of a fertile region producing sugar-cane, coffee, rice, and cot- ton, and has a number of sugar-refineries. Cam- pos was founded in 1730, Population, in 1890, 78,036, one-half of whom are negroes. CAMPOS. The Brazilian term for tropical prairies or savannas. Campos in which trees are common are called "campos cerrados.' See Gra.ssland and Savanna. CAMPOS, Absenio !Mabtin-ez. See Mabtinez Caiipo.s. CAMPOS SALLES, kiim'posh sli'lesh, Ma- NOEi. Fkuk.vz de I 1S41 — ). A South American politician, and President of Brazil, born in Sao Paulo. He was admitted to the bar, was elected in 1867 and frequently thereafter to the Legislature of .S.'io Pailo. and in 1884 became a member of the Chamber of Deputies. .s Minister of .Justice, upon the proclamation of the Republic, he thoroughly reorganized the Brazil- ian system of law along lines subsequently ac- cepted by the Constituent Assembly. In 1898 he was elected President of Brazil, as candidate of the Republican Party. CAMPO SANTO, kilm'pd sUn'tfi (It. campo, Lat. campus, field -(- santo, Lat. sanctus, holy). The Italian designation of a cemetery or bury- ing-ground, but more especially for an inclosed place of interment, surrounded internally by an arcade, for the burial of persons of distinction. See Ce.ieteries. CAMPO VACCINO, kam'pd Vii-che'n6. See Forum. CAMPRODON, kam'pro-Don', Feaxcisco (1816-70). A Spanish dramatic poet. He was born at Vich, Barcelona, and first attracted at- tention by his poem La loniada de. Tito, writ- ten in the Catalan dialect, upon the return of the Spanish Army from the African War. Some of his dramas are adaptations from foreign works. The most important original one is Flor de un did ( ISol ). CAMPTONITE (named after Campton, X. H., where the first specimen was found). A term applied to certain igneous rocks of the na- ture of diorite, which occur in fissures in other rocks — i.e. in dikes. They are composed chielly of hornblende and plagioclase, the former min- eral being sometimes replaced by biotite. Iron ores and quartz are also usually present. The chemical composition of camptonite does not dif- fer from that of diorite. CAMP'TOSAU'RtrS (Neo-Lat., Gk. Kafi-rd^, kamptos, bent + caipoi;, sanros, lizard). A genus of herbivorous, bird-footed dinosaurs of which re- mains are found in the .Jurassic rocks of Wyo- ming. The genus is closely allied to the fossil genus Iguanodon of the Kuro]iean .Jurassic, which it much resembles. The animal was lightly built, and as its five-toed fore limlis were small and ap- parently of little use in locomotion, it nuist have progressed on its three-toed hind limbs after the fashion of a bird. Its neck was rather short, but slender and bird-like, and its sni:ill head was pro- vided with a horny beak. T"he tail was long and heay. Three species have been recognized ; of these the largest, Camptosaurus amplus, had a length of 30 feet and a height of 15 feet. See DlNOSAlRIA. CAMPULUNG, kam'iino-liTTTng', or Ki.mpo- i.twc. A town of Rumania, capital of a circle, situated on a small tributary of the Arjish. It forms the terminus of the railway line from Colesehi and had a population of 13"033 in 1899. CAMPUS (Lat., field). In Roman times, a vacant space in or near a city, used for ])ublic shows, combats, etc. There were eight around Rome, of which the Campus Martins (Fiehl of Mars) was the most important. It w^as outside the walls, occupying the level space between the Pincian, Quiriniil, and Capitoline hills on the cast, and tlic Tiber on the west. In later times this space was much reduced by private build- ings, and the name was limited to the space be- tween the river, the Circus Flaminius, and the Via lata. In this met the Comilia Venluriata and the C'omitia Tributa ; and in it was the pub- lic hall for the use of the magistrates and foreign ambassadors, who were not permitted to enter the city, and the Ara Martis (Altar of JIars). In later times it became a pleasure ground, with shaded walks, gardens, l)aths, theatres, and a. race-course. Julius Ca;sar began the change, by