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* CAMPBELTOWN. 98 Population, in 1901, royal buij;li, ,'5285: Parlia- mentary burgh, 8234; civil parish, 10,230. CAMP-BIRD, or KomiEK. The Canada jay. See Jay, CAMPE, kiini'pe, Joachim Heinbicji (174G- 1818). A German teacher, lexicographer, and writer for children. He studied theology in Halle, and became a warm parti.san of the educa- tional reforms of Basedow (q.v.), whose place he took during the year 1777 as the head of the Philanthropenum in Dessau, A little later he devoted himself to the writing of educational works, and also built up a prosperous business as a jHiblisher of pedagogical works. In 1787 he was appointed to reform the system of instruc- tion in the Duchy of Brunswick. In 1789 he visited Paris and became an ardent advocate of the principles of the Kevolution. His juveniles, all written for the purpose of instruction, com- prise thirty-seven volumes. His Robinson der Jiingere ("Robinson the Younger") has been translated into many langimges. lie also pub- lished some lexicographical works. CAMPEADOR, kiim'pa-a-D6r'. An epithet used of warrioi-s. In particular, a title of the Cid (q.v.). CAMPECHE, Mex. pron. kam-pa'chS. One of the Atlantic States of Mexico, occupying the south part of llie peninsula of Yucatan, and bor- dering on Guatemala and the Gulf of CamiK^che (Map: Mexico, O 8), Its area is 18,087 square miles. The soil is for the most part sandy and improductive, but there are good pasture-lands. The main products arc rice, sugar, and salt, Populaticm, in 1879, 90,413; in 1895, 88,302. The Indians form a considerable portion of the popu- lation, CAMPE'CHE, or CAMPEA'CHY. The capi- tal of the Mexican State of the same name, and a seaport town, situated on the Gulf nf (jam- peche, in the Gulf of Jlexico, at the moulh of the San Francisco River (Map: Mexico, O 8), The industries of Campeehe arc uniniportant with the exception of sliililiuibling, but it is the centre of the trade in C'ampeclie wood, and also in wax. Its harbor is sheltered by a breakwater, but is too shallow for vessels of deep draught. The town lias a coIU'l'O and a populatimi of 17.000. CAMPEGGIO, kam-i)ej'6, or CAMPEGGI, kflmpej'*, Lorenzo (1474-1539). An Italian prelate. In early life he was a lawyer, but after losing his wife he became an ecclesiastic and rapidly ro.se to the position of cardinal. In 1519 he was sent to Kngland to preach a crusade against the Turks, but was unsuccessful. Henry VIII. made him Bishop of Salisbury in 1524, and he came again to England in 1528 to assist Wolsey in the case of Henry's divorce from Cathiirine, His efforts to bring alxmt a recon- ciliation came to nothing, however, and the see of Salisbury was taken from him. At Xureni- berg, in 1.524, Campcggio tried to win back Luther to the (Catholic Cliurch, .At the Diet of Augsburg, in 1530, be advised Cliarlcs V. to adopt a relentless policy toward the Protestants of Germany, CAMP EQUIPAGE. .-Vrticles and materials necessary for the jiropcr ei|iiiiiiiient of a camp. It includes, among other things, tents, furniture, fittings, cooking utensils, and articles of com- mon use. The description and quantity of camp CAMP FOLLOWERS. equipage will depend on the purpos<> and location of the camp, its permanent or temporary char- acter, and the number of troops accommodated. CAMPER, k;im'])er, Pikter (1722-89). A Dutch anatomist and naturalist. He was born in Leyden, and studied medicine there. In 1750 he became professor in Franeker; in 1755 in .mstcrdam ; and in 173 in Groningen, where he remained until 1773. On being elected a mem- ber of the State Council in 1789, he removed to The Hague, where he died. He was dislinj;uislied for the services he rendered both to human and comparative anatomy, to surgery, obstetrics, and medical jurisprudence, and was a skillful liraiightsnian. His collected writings, with plates, appeared under the title, CEiivies qui ont pour iihjvt I'histoire naturellc, la physioioyie et I'ana- tomie coiiiparce (3 vols., l^aris, 1803). For his observations on the facial angle, see Angle. CAM'PERDOWN ( Dutch, famyxTi/ini!, Downs of Kaiii]i). A broad tract of low downs which borders the .North Sea on the west side of the jieninsula Mhich separates it from the Zuyder Zee (Ma]): Kctherlands, C 2), It takes its name from the ueighlioring hamlet of Kamp, about 25 miles north of Haarlem. It gives its name to the victory obtained off that part of the coast bv the British Admiral Duncan over the Dutch fleet. October 11, 1797. CAMPERIO, kiiin'iiftre'o, JIanfkedo (1826- 99). An Italian traveler, born in Milan. He traversed Turkey, visited Australia and the Sunda Islands, and upon the opening of the Suez Canal explored the Xile as far as Assuan, went thence to the East Indies, Ceylon, and Java, and, in the service of the Society for the Com- mercial Exploration of .friea, founded by him in 1879, traveled through Tunis, Tripoli, and Bengasi. He established, in 1876, the review Esjilonilore. Besides articles in periodicals he published L'Erilrea net XX. sccolo (1899), in which he urges the necessity of railway construc- tion in the colony. CAMPERO, kiim-pii'ro, Xakciso (1815—). A Bolivian soldier and politician. President of Bolivia from 1880 to 1884, born at Tojo (now in Argentina). He became a brigadier-general in the Bolivian army, and for a brief period in 1872 was iliiiister of War. Ujioii the overthrow of Daza, he was elected President on April 9, 1880. He assumed command of the combined armies of Bolivia and Peru, but on May 20, 1880, was routed at Tacna, His administration, a tranquil one so far as concerned internal alTairs, came to an end on August 1, 1S84. CAMP FOLLOWERS. Sutlers, servants, dealers in small wares, and sometimes natives of the vicinity, who travel with, or follow in the train of, an army on the march. They are in- variably a source of trouble and re>]ioiisil>ility to the commander of the army to which they at- tach themselves, and are often a source of danger. The}' are not so much in evidence in modern campaigns as in the past, unless the campaigni is being conducted in a wild or uncivilized loun- try. Formerly, owing to the absence of railroads and steamships, armies had frequently to under- take long marches, with practically no base of sujijilies, or at the best having very meagre communication with such base, rendering neces- sary the carrying of f^reat quantities of stores and supplies. Natives were employed for this