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* CAMPBELL. 95 CAMPBELL, Douglas Houghto:^ (1859—). An American botanist, born in Detroit, Mich. He prraduated at. the University of -Michigan in 1SS2 (Ph.D.. 1886), and afterwards took sup- jilonientarv courses at Bonn. Tiibinpcn. and Ber- lin (188(i-88). In 1891 he became lecturer on the evolution of jilants at Stanford Jr. Univer- sity. His |irinci|ial work is Elements of Struc- tunil null f^iistcmutic Botany (1890). CAMPBELL, George (1719-9U). A Scotch cleriL;ynian. born in Aberdeen. He was educated at Jlarischal College, studied divinity in Edin- burgh and Aberdeen, and was ordained to the ministry in 1748. lie was appointed principal of Marischal College in 1759; in 1771 was made professor of divinity there, and in 1795 retired from both posts. He is ehielly known for his Dissiriution on Miracles (1762), a reply to Hunic's essay (174S). His Philosophy of Rheto- ric (1770) was also highly valued. CAMPBELL, Sir George E. (1824-92). An English statesman. He was educated in Edin- burgh, Saint Andrews, and Haileybury. In 1858 he was appointed judge of the Higii Court of Judicature in Calcutta, and in 1807 chief com- missioner of the Central Provinces of India. He then served several years in Parliament, but in 1871 returned to India as Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal. In 1874 he went back to England to become a member of the council of India. He took an active part in the agitation on the East- ern question in 1876, as a supporter of the policy advocated by Mr. Gladstone. His more impor- tant books include ilodeni India (1852); India as it ^[a!/^ Be : Handy Book of the Eastern Ques- tion (18/0); White and Black in the United States; The British Empire (1889). CAMPBELL, James Edwin (1843—). An American politician. He was born in Middle- town, Ohio, was educated in the public schools, studied law, and in 1803 enlisted as a gunner ill the navy, serving with the Red River and Mississi[)pi flotillas. He was prosecuting attor- ney of Butler County in 1873, served in Congress as a Democrat from 1882 to 1888: and in 1889 defeated Joseph B. Foraker for the Governorship of Oliio. In 1891 he was defeated by William McKiiiley. and in 1895 by Asa S. Buslinell. CAMPBELL, James Valentine (1823-90). An American jurist, born in Butialo, N. Y. He graduated at Saint Paul's College (College Point. L. I.) in 1841, and was admitted to the bar in 1844. Upon the establishment of the Michigan Supreme Court in 1857, he was ap- pointed an associate justice. He was a professor in the law school of the University of Michigan from 1859 to 1885. His judicial' decisions are highly valued. He edited Walker's Chancery Reports (1845), and wrote Outlines of the Polit- ical Histori/ of Michigan (1870), a subject in which he made much research. CAMPBELL, .John ( ?-1806). A British soldier, born in Strachur, Scotland. He entered the army in 1745, and fought with distinction in thcj^ Scottish rebelli(m (1745), and in Flanders (1747). During the French and Indian War in America he .served as cajitain of tlic Forty- second Highlanders, and was woimded at Ticon- dero.ga (1758). As lieutenant-colonel of the Forty-seventh Infantry he again came to Amer- ica with his regiment in 1776 and was succes- sively appointed major-general (1779), colonel CAMPBELL. of his regiment (1780), and commander of the British forces in est Florida, where lie was eventually compelled to surrender Peiisacola. to the Spaniards, May 10, 1781. His advance- ment to the rank of general followed in 1797. CAMPBELL, John (1779-1801). Lord High Chancellor of England. He was the son of a Presbyterian minister of Cupar, County of Fife, Scotland, where he was born in 1779. He was at first destined for his father's calling, and was sent at an early age to the neighboring Uni- versity of Saint Andrews. But he had no in- clination for a clerical life, and, when lie had completed his academic studies, at the age of 19, he went to London and engaged in newspaper work. At the same time he became a student in Lincoln's Inn, where he was a pupil of the dis- tinguished special pleader Samuel Warren, and in 1800 was called to the bar. While waiting for clients he became a court reporter and pub- lished four volumes of reports with learned notes. Xotwithstanding his good sense and re- markable industry-, .success at the bar came slowly, probaljly owing to a certain hardness of disposition and the lack of attractive personal qualities. It was not until he had been at the bar twent.v-oue years, in 1827, that he was made a King's counsel. From this time on, however, his promotion was rapid. In 1830 he entered Parliament, where his zeal, his capacity for hard work, and attention to details made him a valuable member and a useful supporter of the Whig Party. He devoted himself with character- istic energy and persistency to the amelioration of some of the harsh and "cumbrous features of the law: and his name is asociated with several beneficial statutes of this character. He failed, however, in his favorite project of bringing about a general registry of land titles in England, such as exists in the United States, and this reform still remains to be effected in that country. In 1827 he was made the head of the great Real Property Commission, which made a searching inquiry into the state of the real property laws of England, and wliose reports and recommenda- tions have proved of inestimable value to subse- quent generations of law reformers. Campbell was an ardent supporter of Lord John Russell's first Reform Bill in 1831, was made Solicitor-General in 1832, and two years later was knighted and promoted to the post of Attor- ney-General. In the same year he was chosen the representative in Parliament for Edinburgh. He continued to represent Edinburgh down to 1841, and remained in the office of Attorney-General during that period, with the exception of the short time in 1835 when the Conservatives were in power. In 1841 he was made Chancellor of Ireland and a peer of the United Kingdom with the title of Baron Campbell of Saint Andrews, but held the office of Chancellor for onlv a few months, when the ]Ielbourne Cabinet left office, necessitating his resignation. For the first time since bovhood, he found himself without regular daily labor, and at the mature age of 60 set to work to win the liteniiy lame which he jiiofessed always to h;ive secretly coveted. His first pub- lication was a collection of his speeches at the bar and in the House of Commons. For three or four years after the publication of his speeches Campbell was engaged in the preparation of the Lives of the Chancellors, the first series of which appeared in 1845. In 1846 he joined the