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* CAMPAN. CAMPAN, kiiN'piix', Jeanne Louise Hen- RiKiTio (lENEST ( 1 TS'i- 1822 ) . A Frfiifli author. 81ii' was tirst lady of tlic bcdclianibor to JIario Antoinette, and her faithful companion till they were separated at the saeUing of the Tuileries, AufTust 10, 17S)2. Slie then establislied a seliool at Saint-Germain, and later won the favor of Xapoleon, who made her superintendent of an academy at Eeonen foiuided by him for the edu- cation of daughters and sisters of members of the Ix;gion of Honor. f)n the abolition of the school in 1814. she retired to Mantes, Avhere she died, among friends, but saddened by the calum- nies of Royalists, who could not forgive her con- nection vitl Napoleon. Slie left some interest- ing and valuable ilcnwires mir la vie prirce de Miirir Anioiiieftc (182.3), followed by Journal aiiccdotiijue (1824), a treatise, De V education, and some pedagogical essays, Correspondance incditc avec la reine Tlortense (1835). CAMP ANA, kam-pa'na. Fabio ( 1819-82) . .An Italian composer, born in Leghorn. He was edu- cated at the JIusical Lyceum in Bologna, and in 1850 went to Txmdon, where he remained, teach- ing and composing, until his death. His works consist of Catcrina di fiuisa (1838); Giulio d'Este (1841); Esmcnikla (1869); and many songs and romances. CAMP ANA, kam-pa'nya, Pedro (1.503-80). .. l''lcnii-h-Spanish painter. He was born in Brussels, and his name is said to have been orig- inally Pieter de Kempeneer. He completed his studies in Bologna and Rome, and estal)lished an academy in Seville in 1547. His famous '•I3esccnt from the Cross" (1548), now in the cathedral, was a favorite study of Wurillo. Later in life he returned to the Netherlands. The pictures of Campaua are full of life, and are characterized by truthful delineation and power- ful coloring. Several of them are at present in aricjus churches of Seville. CAMPANELLA, kam'panel'la. Tomma.so ( 15liS-li;:i9i . An Dalian monk and i)hilosopher. He was born in Slilo, Calabria, and studied in Naples and Cosenza. His PliiloKophia Hensihufi Dcinonstrala. which included a defense of Tele- sius against the scholasticism of the Aristo- telians, was published in 1591. He was accused of lieresv and of conspiring against the Govern- ment, and spent twenty-seven years in prison at Naples, during which time he wrote much, one of liis works being his famous "City of the Sun." which has been translated into Knglish by T, W. Halliday, and published in Ideal Com- ii'ionn-ealthn (Morley's Unircr.sal hihrarti) . He was released through the intervention of Pope Urban VI 1 1., but renewed persecutions com- ])ellcd him to seek refuge in France, where he remained until his death. He was kindly re- ceived by Richelieu, and granted a pension of 3000 livres by Loui.s XIIT. He expounded a philosojihy many of whose tenets resemble the views of Descartes and Kant. His works, eighty-two in all, and treating of many difVerent subjects in<dnde: De Sensu Iteriim et Maifia (1020); the Cirilas Koli.i, mentioned before (printed with his rhiloaophui Epilofiisliea ■ Keuli.i, 1623), a descripti(m of a philosoj)hic re- pul)lie; and Athcismu/i Triumphatus (163(')), which assumes the character of an apologia. His complete works have been edited by d'An- cona (Turin, 1854). His sonnets were trans- 92 CAMPANINI. lated by J. A. Symonds, in a volume with those of Michelangelo (1878). For his biography, consult: Baldacchini (Naples, 1840), and Ania- bile (Naples, 1883-87), as well as Dareste, Mo- rus et Campanrlla (1843). CAMPANERO, kiim'pa-na'rfi (Sp., bellman, from cmiipiina, bell). The bell-bird. CAMPANEETHAL, kani-pa'ner-tiil, or KAMPANERTHAL, Das. A work on the immortality of the soul by Jean Paul Riehter, which dcries its name from the beautiful valley of Campan in the Pyrenees, traversed by the Adour. CAMPANHA, kam-pa'nya (Portug., jilain). A town of Brazil in the State of Minas Geraes, about 150 miles northwest of Rio de Janeiro (Map: Brazil, H 8). It is situated in a gold- mining region and has several churches, a Latin school, a hospital, theatre, etc. Population, nearly 7000. CAMPA'NIA (Lat., from Lat. campus, plain, Gk. Ka/t-(iria, Kanipania) . A district of ancient Italy lying along the Tyrrhenian Sea, and bounded on the land side by Latium. Samnium, and Lucania (Jlap: Italy, J 6). Originally in- habited by people of Oscan race, it was early in- vaded bj- the more civilized Greeks, who founded there the cities of Cuma' and Neapolis (Naples). At a later period it came under the Etruscan domination, but the bulk of the population re- mained Oscan in race and language until Roman times. Cam))ania has always been noted for the volcanic character of the country. Besides Ve- suvius (of which the iirst eriqition in historic times was that which destroyed PomiK'ii in ..D. 79), the whole region north of Naples was and is a scene of volcanic phenomena. Here were the Cumpi I'hleffrwi of the Greek and Latin writers, the modern t<olf(itara or sulphur-field near Pu- teoli (Pozzuoli), and here, near Cumte, was the Lake of Avernus, the fabled entrance to the lower world. Notwithstanding this gloomy char- acter, the great plain of Caiiijiania was always noted for its wonderful fertility and its charm- ing climate and .scenery. The Koniaiis, who over- ran it as early as n.c. 340, called it Campania Felix (Happy Cam[)ania). They did not suc- ceed in Romanizing the inliabitanfs until after (he time of Sulla. The coast of Campania then became a favorite resort for the wealthy Romans, who built handsome villas at Baise, Puteoli, Miscnum, and elsewhere. Cicero had a villa at Pomjieii. In his new reorganization of Italy. Augustus made Campania his first district ( rcf/io prima). The chief ancient towns were (';il)ua, CmiKe, Neapolis, N(da. Pomiieii, and Salcniuiii. CAMPANILE, kam'pii-ne'la (It., from Med. Lat. riniipiuiii. a bell). . name ado|itcd from the Italian to signify a bell-tower of the large kind, and usually applied only to such as are detached from the church. Tliis tyjie of tower is found hardly at all outside of Italy, where it is the only jirevailing kind of church tower. Sec Bell- Tower; Belfry: Mixaret; Tower; Florence; Venice. CAMPANINI, kiim'piVne'nf, Italo (1846- 9l. . Italian tenor, born in Parma. He enlisted in the army of Garibaldi when 14 jears of age, and took part in the fight before