Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/117

* CAMP. 91 CAMPAIGN. the modern camp, or military encampment, is practically the history of modern armies, strat- egy, engineering, and sanitation. Of ancient camps the Romans give us the best exarajjle. The advance party consisted of a tribune and several centurions, whose duty it was to select a suitable site for the camp, marking out, first of all, a spot for the pn^torium, or gen- eral's tent, round which, as a centre of the whole system, the rest of the camp was marked out. The camp streets were broad, measuring fiom 50 to 100 feet, and allo^^■anee was always made for the furum, or public market-place. Polybius (in the Second Century B.C.) is author- ity for the full details of the Roman camp sys- tem. With regard to their general description, he states that the best conception which can be formed of a Roman camp of the more permanent kind is by regarding it as a military town. Ac- cording to the same authority, the Greeks trusted mainly to the judicious selection of their ground, and regarded the natural advantages which they thus secured as supplying in a great measure the means of artificial defense. The Greeks, consequently, did not use the regvilation type of camp so rigorously adhered to by the Ro- mans. The Roman plan seems to have been the one most generally adopted through the Jliddle Agts, with such additions as new arms, new formations, and new branches necessitated. Modern camps, in home countries or possessions, are chosen for their particular local advantage, sanitation and the general health of the troops being the first consideration. In time of war, or when campaigning in an enemy's country, there must be added precautions against at- tack, locating the camp in a place giving every possible natural advantage. Care is taken that there are no commanding positions within range where an enemy's artillery could be effective; that it is capable of defense ; that it is roomy and safe enough to assemble the troops or get under way without hindrance or confusion; and that there are water facilities for man and beast. These and such other rules as circum- stances n]ay dictate form a general basis throughout armies of the civilized world. In the United States Army camps are organized according to directions given in the drill regula- tions. See ENCAMPMENT. CAMP, kax, Maxime du. See Bu Camp, Maxime. CAMP A, kam'pa. See Anti. CAMPAGNA, kam-pa'nya, Girolamo, called de Vergna ( 1552-C.1023). "An Italian sculptor. He was born in 'erona, and studied under San- soviiio and Cataneo, many of whose works he completed. His best-known original produc- tions consist of the isolated altar in the church of Santi Giovanni e Paolo, Venice, and the bronze group representing Christ :e.sting on a globe carried by the four Evangelists, at San Giorgio Jlaggjiiri', Vr nice. CAMPAGNA DI ROMA, kam-pU'nvA de rO'- ma (It., plain of Rome). An undulating, un- cultivated, and unhealthful plain of Italy sur- rounding Rome, including the greatest part of ancient Latium. Applying the name in a broad sense to the district extending from Cape Linaro, south of Civiti Vecchia, to Terracina. beyond the Pontine Marshes, its length is about 'JO miles, and its breadth inland, to the Alban and Vol. IV.— 7. Sabine hills, ranges from about 25 to 40 miles. A broad strip of sandy plain skirts the Mediter- ranean. The ground, which never rises higher than 200 feet above the sea, is almost entirely vol- canic, and the lakes represent craters of ex- tinct volcanoes. The vapors rising from this district, and especially from the Solfatara (q.v. ), produce the pestilential atmosphere styled aria cattiva. The number of inhabitants is very small, and in suumier they are driven from the Campagna di Roma by its pestilential air, and seek shelter in Rome and other neighboring places. In autumn herdsmen descend from the Apennines to the Campagna di Roma with their herds, the pasture in some parts being rich and abundant. Until the Fifth and Sixth centuries A.u. the Campagna di Roma was well inhabited, though not very healthful. In the last century of the Roman Republic and under the emperors, it ivas filled with the luxurious villas of wealthy Romans. The invasion of the barbarians be- gan the devastation of the Campagna di Roma, and the insecurity of the region during the Middle Ages and the failure of~l:he water-supply led to its gradual depopulation and the increase of the malignant conditions. During recent years, improved drainage, the planting of euca- lyptus trees, and other works undertaken by the Government have done nnieh to make the Cam- pagna di Roma more healthful and lead to its gradual reclamation. The peculiar scenic aspects of the Campagna, with its many remains of Ro- man structures, combined with the characteristic atmospheric effects, have rendered it an inspir- ing subject for painters. CAMPAGNOLA, kUm'pa-nyO'La, Domenico (C.1490-C.1564). An Italian painter and en- graver. He was born in Padua, and studied in the school of Titian, where his proficiency- is said to have aroused the jealousy of his master. His best-known works are four pictures of prophets, in the Venice Academy; oil pictures in the Scu- ola del Carmine. Padua : and fresco paintings in the Seuola del Santo, Padua, which are said to rival those of Titian in the same place. His etchings are executed in a masterly style. The best-known are the "Descent of the Holy Spirit on the Day of Pentecost" and the "Assumption of the Virgin." CAMPAIGN, kam-p.in' (Fr. campaigne, cam- payne, open country, military operations; Jled. Lat. Campania, level stretch of country, from Lat. campus, field), iliLiTARY. A connected series of military operations having a definite purpose and object. It may apply to the whole field of hostilities, or to each separate and dis- tinct command, if such conunand is operating with its own programme. For example, in the Civil War of 1801-.5, may be cited General Grant's campaign, General Sherman's campaign. General Uee's campaign; while, on the other hand, under the title of the Egj-ptian Campaign (1882) was embraced every operation of the entire war. CAMPAIGN, The. A poem with a Latin version, by Joseph Addison, written at the in- stance of Lord Godolphin, to celebrate the battle , of Blenheim in 1704. The amazing success of the piece was largely due to its liapjiy descrip- tion of .Marlborough as one who "rides the whirl- wind and directs the storm." It gained for the author fii-st a comniissionership of apjieals and then the office of Under Seci-etary of State.