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* CAMISAKDS. 89 Cross. The formidable force brought against them induced Cavalier to listen to proposals, and he finally assented to a surrender on being guaranteed liberty of conscience, the right of assembly outside of walled towns, the liberation of all his people then in durance, and the res- titution to emigrants of their civil rights and property. .Still the greater part of the army, under Roland, Ravenel, and Joany, refused, and insisted upon the complete restoration of the Edict of Nantes. The Camisards continued the war until the beginning of 170.5, at which time their leaders had been killed or dispersed, and they had become disorganized. In 1711 all out- ward signs of the Reformed religion had disap- peared, and on ilarch 8, 171.5, a few months be- fore his death, Louis XIV., by a special medal and by proclamation, announced the entire extinction of heresy. Fourteen years aftei wards, in spite of the strictest surveillance, aided by military occu- pation, there had been organized in Languedoe 120 churches, which were attended by 200,000 Prot- estants. Persecution could not utterly suppress them; but it was not until 1775 that the last gal- ley slave from Languedoe was liberated, and not until 17S9 that the Xational Assembly repealed all the penal laws against Protestantism. Con- sult: Baird, '"The Camisard Uprising," in Pa- pers of the American f^ociety of Church History, Vol. II. (Xew York, 185)0) ; Bray, The Revolt of the Protestants of the Cevennes (London, 1870) ; Smiles, The Hurrucnots in France After the Revocation of the Edict of Xantes (London, 1877); GoitTon (ed.). Relation historique de la revolte des fanatiques ou des Camisards {'ysimes, 1874) ; Louvreleuil, Lc fanatisme renouvele (Avignon, 1702-07). See Cevex>e.s. CAM'LAN. A famous battle in Arthurian legend. It saw the death of Arthur and the dis- solution of the Rouml Table. Antiquarians place it in Cornwall, England, and set its date either in ..d. 537 or 542. See AiiTurR, King; also MODRED. CAMLET (Ar. khamlat. camlet, from khaml, pile, plush ; at an early period folk etymology wrongly referred it to camel). A fabric orig- inally made of camel's hair, and more recently of the hair of the Angora goat. At present cam- lets are woven from wool alone, or from wool and cotton or linen mixed, and spun hard. CAMMERHOFF, kam'mer-hof, .loiix Chris- TOPiiE Freiiebic (1721-51). A Moravian bishop and missionary in America. He was born near Magdeburg. Germany; became a bishop of the Moravian Church in 1746. and in the same year came to America, where until his death he acted as Bishop Spangenberg's assistant. He devoted his attention largely to missionarv' work among the Indians, especially among tlie Iroquois, and met with considerable success in gaining con- verts. He was adopted into the Turtle tribe of the Oneidas, under the name Galliehwio ('A Good Afessage'), and for more than a genera- tion was remembered with singular respect and veneration by the Indians of the Confederacy. His death was caused by the exposures and hard- ships incident to a journey of ICOO miles to Onondaga, which he made in 1750. CAMOES, ka-mOxsh' or kftmo'6Nsh, com- monly written in English C.MOENS, Lnz DE (c.1524-80). The greatest poet of Portugal, who exerted an important intluence on the na- CA3VI0ES. tional drama, and developed the Portuguese lyric to its highest perfection, but owes his fame mainly to the celebrated historical epic, Us Liisiadas. Son of a sea captain, who was early lost in a shipwreck, and descendant of a family of distinction and rank, Camoes was born iii Lisbon — or more probably in Coimbra — iu 1524 or 1525, about the time of the death of Vasco da Gama. to whom he was related, and whom his grandfather, Antao Vaz, had accompanied on his first voyage to India. He is supposed to have attended the University of Coindn-a, although his name does not appear upon the records. At all events, he early showed remarkable pro- ficiency in the classics and in contemporary lit- erature, presumably due to the guidance of his uncle, Benlo de Camoes, who was then prior of the famous Santa Cruz monastery. It was during these early days in Coimbra that Ca- moes was inspired by some fair but unTcnown maiden, whom lie celebrated in a series of can- zoni, sonnets, and elegies, Petrarchian in form and platonic in spirit, but notable for their pur- ity of diction and grace of form. Having fin- ished his studies, Camoes went to Lisbon in 1542, where he frequented the Court and con- ceived a romantic passion for Catherina de Athaide, one of the Qtieen's ladies of honor, whom he celebrated imder the anagram of Xa- tercia, anil whose complaisance was the begin- ning of all his troubles. Banished from the Court and separated from the woman he lovi'il, Camoes joined the expedition of John III. against jlorocco, where he ser'ed two years, losing an eye during a naval engagevnent in the Strait of Gibraltar. On his return to Lis- bon, he found no more praise for his bravery than formerly for his poems. Disappointed in all his hopes, he determined to leave his native land forever, and sailed for India as a common soldier. For sixteen years he led an adventurous life in the East, unprosperous for the most part, though for a time he held a lucrative position at Macao, as administra- tor of the effects of deceased persons. But he misused his powers, made enemies by his writings, incurred debts, and suffered misad- ventures in love. At last he turned his steps homeward, and after disheartening delays and countless hardships, reached Lisbon once more, in 1570, only to find it overrun with the plague, in the throes of the Inquisition, and governed by a young, feeble, and visionars- monarch. X^ever- theless he published his epic, the Litsiad, the only vahmble possession which he had brought back from all his wanderings, and dedicated it to the young King, Sebastian, who was very gracious; but all the patronage bestowed upon the author was a niggardly pension of about •$20, and permission to frequent the Court. Cii- n;oes survived a few more trimbled years, living with his aged mother. Mien Sebastian under- took the African campaign, his patriotic zeal flamed up once more, though he could not ac- company the King either as poet — since Diogo Bernardes and Cortereale were preferred to liim — nor as .soldier, because too old. The news of the defeat of Alcacer-Quebir broke his heart. In a letter, the last lines that he wrote, he says: "It was not enough that I should die in my fatherlan<l ; I am dying with it." He died in a hospital in 15S0, and his intei'ment passed almost unnoticed.