Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/887

* C^CILIUS STATIXJS. 781 C^LIUS. cnce. Consult Ribbeck, Comicorum Romanorum Fragmenta ( [.eipzig, 1ST3). C^'COMOR'PH^ (Xeo-Lat., from Lat. em- eus, bliml + (ik. ijjapcpi), morphe, sliape. form). An order of birds af;roeing in cranial structure (schizognathous and schizorhinal), externally characterized by having palmate feet, and em- bracing the loons, gi-ebes, sea-fowl, gulls, alba- trosses, petrels, and allied forms. CiECUM, se'kfim (Lat. ewcus. blind). A blind pouch in the human intestine into which the small intestine empties. It is also called the caput coli, or head of the colon. The colon, or large intestine, starts from it, in the hollow of the right iliac region, and runs upward, in its first part. The Civcum in man is too small to serve as an important part of the digestive tract, and is comparatively useless. From it springs the vermiform appendix (q.v. ), generally posteriorly, the lumen of the appendix opening into the cavity of the caecum. The microscopic structure of the walls of the caecum does not diticr in any essen- tial from that of the rest of the large intestines. {See I.XTESTINES.) There are four coats, the mucous, the sub-mucous, the nuiseular, and the serous. The mucous coat consists of a lining of simple cylindrical epitheliiuu, which is continu- ous with the epithelium of simple tubular glands, which lie side by side, and are supported by a loose lymphoid connective-tissue stroma. Be- neath this is a single or double layer of muscle, the niuseularis mucosce. Beneath this is a vas- cular connective-tissue layer, the sub-mucosa, which often contains lympli nodules. Passing outward from the sub-mucosa, the next coat is the muscular, divided into an inner layer,' whose cells are disposed circularly to the lumen, and an outer layer, whose cells have their long axes directed longitudinally. In the ca-cum and large intestine the circular layer is usualh' thinner than in other parts of the gastrointestinal canal, and the outer layer is incomplete, being arranged in three longitudinal bands, which are shorter than the other coats of the intestines and give it a sacculated appearance. The serous coat is a thin connective-tissue layer covered over with a single layer of flat endothelial cells. C.ECVM IX Amm.vls. In many of the mam- malia, and particularly in most of those which are herbivorous, the ca>cum is comparatively large, and is found to secrete an acid fluid re- sembling the gastric juice. It therefore appears that, where the nature of the assimilatory pro- cess is such as to require the detention of the food for a considerable time, this provision is made for it in order that digestion may be more completely accomplished. The ca;cnm is entirely wanting in some quadrupeds, as in bats, and the lH?ar and weasel families. Birds have two caeca, which are generally long and capacious in those that are omnivorous or granivorous, and the po- sition of which is the only circumstance that marks the division of the intestine into two parts, the small and the large intestine, or the ileum and the colon. The first traces of the true esecum arc found in reptiles, where it is mostly of small size. Fishes have no true ca?cum occurring in the position occupied by those of quadrupeds and birds, but many of them have fluid sacs at- tached to the intestine at its iippermost part, known as pj-loric caeca, and serving to increase the digestive surface-. The number of these cieea, however, is extremely various; sometimes there is only I, and sometimes nearly 200. The num- ber is dilferent even in very nearly allied species of the same family; thus, there arc only in the smelt,, but 70 in the salmon, 24 in the herring, and 80 in the shad. In some fishes, as in the cod, the ciccum consists of large trunks ramified into smaller ones. CaiDMON, kfid'mon. An English poet of I he .second half of the Seventh Century. The only information of any weight concerning him is in Bede's Ecclesiastical History (iv. 24), which was completed in 731. According to liede, Coedmon was a man of "secular habit.' liv- ing in the monastery at Whitby, in old Xorth- umbria. One night while sleeping in the stables, he saw a vision, whence came a voice command- ing him to sing the origin of created things. l';¥dmon iniTiiediately began to sing of God the Creator. After relating the story of the poet's inspiration, with many details. Bede says: 'Thus sang he of the creation of the world, and the beginning of the race of men. and all the history of Genesis; of the exodus of Israel from Egj'pt, and the entrance into the promised land; of many other stories of the Holy Scriptures; of the incarnation of the Lord, His passion, resur- rection, and ascension; of the coming of the Holy Ghost, and the teachings of the Apostles; also of the terrors of the future judgment and the horror of hell-punishment, and the sweetness of the heavenly kingdom." There is now in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, a M.S. (West Saxon, Tenth Century) of sacred epics, of which the poems known as Genesis, Exodus, Daniel, Christ, and Satan, correspond with the substance of Ciedmon's Paraphrase, as described by Bede. They have been ascribed as a whole, or in part, to Csdmon. The best criticism, however, holds that some of them, and perhaps none, are his ; that they belong, rather, to a class of popular re- ligious poems, which may be called, if one likes, Cfedmonian. The theme of these poems antici- pates that of Milton's great epics; and attempts have been made to connect Milton directly with the Cfednion Paraphrase. Other poems besides those mentioned have been credited to Caedmon. Of great philological interest — for it is written in the Xorthumbrian dialect — is the hymn which C'lcdiiion is supposed to have composed in his dream. These verses are preserved in a !MS. of Bede's History, now at Cambridge. For text of the Caedmon poems, consult : Grein-Wiilker, Bib- liotheh der anyeliiichsischcn Poesie, Vol. II. (Leipzig, 1804); for a translation, Thorpe, ('(cdmou (London, 1832) ; for account of Caed- mon and the poems, ten Brink. Early Enalish Literature, translated (London. 1883) ; and Mor- ley, Eiifilish WrilcrK, Vol. II. (London. 1888). CfflOilA GENS. A plebeian clan of Rome with the family names Caldus and Rufus. Tlie gens name is generally written Coelius on coins. CiEI^IAN. One of the seven hills of Rome. See Ro.Mi;. CffiLIMONTA'NA. The smallest of the regions fpf .Vulian Hill and contained the Temple of Clau- dius, the palace of Commodus, and the great market iif Xero. Cffi'LIXJS, Marcus Rxtfus. A Roman noble of the First Century B.C. He had considerable tal- ent as a writer and orator, but was conspicuous for his profligacy. In B.C. 50 Clodius's sister.