Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/881

* CACTUS. 775 CADDO. cylindrical, and always ribbed or angled. Spe- cies of Pilocereus are often seen in greenhouses, and resemble the columnar forms of Cereus, but have an abundance of white hairs instead of rigid spines, and are frequently sjjoken of as 'old-man cactus.' Opuntia contains about one hundred and fifty species, and includes forms which are branched and jointed, the joints being flat or cylindrical. The ilat-jointed forms are the well-known 'prickly pears.' Consult: Engelniann and Bigelow, "Description of Cac- tace;p," in I'ltited fStates IViir Department lie- ports of Kxploration for Railroad to the Pacific (Washington, 18.50) ; Kunzi, Cactus; Its Bis- inry. Classification,. . . aaid Therapeutical Application (Albany, 1875) ; Coulter, Prelim- inary Heiision of the y'orth American Species of Cactus, Anhaloniiim, and Lophophora (Washing- ton, 1894-98) : and Preliminary Revision of the yorth American Species of Eehinocacttts, Cereus, and Opuntia (Washington, 1896). CACTUS-WREN. See Wrex. CA'CUS. In Roman legend, a monstrous be- ing (son of Vulcan, by some accounts) who dwelt in a cave on the Aventine Hill, before the foundation of Rome. When Hercules, returning to Greece with the cattle of Geryon, stopped to rest in the grassy plain by the Tiber, Cacus, selecting the most beautiful of the cows, drew them into liis cave backward, by the tail, so that their tracks might not betray him: but their low- ing, as Hercules, wonder-stricken, drove their mates away, attracted attention to the cave, and he slew Cacus. The story is told in Li^•y. CADALSO, ka-DJil'sS, or CADASALSO, ka'Da-iil'so, Jose de (1741-82). A Spanish jinct, Josfi DE (1741-82). A Spanish poet of note, bom in Cadiz. He distinguished himself in the war against Portugal, and rose to be colonel. At the siege of Gil)raltar he was killed by the explosion of a bomb. His works include the tragedy Saneho Garcia (1771); the satire Los eruditos a la Xiolcta (1772); and Poesias ( 1773). They appeared in a complete edition in 1818. as Colcceion de obras en prosa y en verso (Madrid). CADA MOSTO, ka'da mo'sto. or CA DA MOSTO, Alois, or Iaigi d (c.1432-c.80). An Italian navigator and discoverer, bom in Venice. He made some commercial voyages about the Mediterranean and the Atlantic, and in 1455, under commission of the Infante Dom Henrique of Portugal, sailed, by way of Senegal and Cape Verde, to the mouth of the Gambia. In 1450 he undertook a second journey, discovered the Cape Verde Islands, and thence reached the mouth of the Rio Grande. He wrote an exceed- ingly interesting account of his voyages. El libra de la prima naviyazione per ocrano alle terre de' yiyri della Bassn Etiopia (1507). CADASTRAL SURVEY (from Fr. cadastre, 'a pulilic ri-^isler of llio quantity, value, and ownership of the real properly of a country'). A term applied to a topographical survey, in mapping which the various artificial and natu- ral objects are drawn to exact scale instead of being exaggerated for the sake of clearness, as is usually done in ordinary topographic mapping. See SURT.TING. CADDIS-FLY. A neuropteroid insect of the order Triclioplcra, the larvae of which, usually aquatic, are commonly known as case-worms. Caddis-flies show much resemblance to small moths, on account of tlioir long antennae, moth- like wings, and nocturnal flight. The body and wings are hairy, and some species possess scales. Four wings are generally present, but Thanuistes has only the anterior pair, while in Anamalop- teryx there is a curious dimorphism, the wings being quite short in the male, but of normal length in the female. They are seen mainly about streams and ponds, but a few arc marine, and the genus Onoicyla is terrestrial. "The eggs are laid in a double mass, which is gelatinous and usually green in color. They are usually at- tached to the surface of some water plant. . . . The lan'it are all aquatic, . . . and they are nearly all protected by a case of some .sort." These larva; are long and cylindrical, with a hard head and thoracic segments, but soft ab- domen, to cover which the worm forms a tubular shelter, composed of bits of sticks, moss, leaves, sand, or small stones, bound together with silk; and this is dragged about, or may be attached to some submerged object, prcferablj' a stone at the bottom of rapidly running but shallow water. These cases are very diverse, from simple tubes to sjiirals very closely resembling snail-shells. Since they open behind, a current of water is allowed to pass through, and thus the respira- tory filaments on the abdomen are aerated. The case-worm retains its hold in the tube by means of a pair of claws located at the apex of the abdomen. These larv;e are largely vegetable feed- ers, but will oeeasionall}' eat insects, and such species spin near the mouth of the tube a net of silk which is cup-shaped when drawn out by the water-current, and catelies prey. The caddis- worms ('cad-bait' of anglers) live several months in this condition, and some regularly through the winter. "When ready to transform to pupa," says Howard, "both ends of the case or tube are protected by a silk netting spun by the larva, which transforms in security, well di'awn back from either orifice. When ready to trans- form to the adult stage, the pupa works its way through the guarded orifice, swims to the sur- face of the water, and crawls out." These insects have been but little studied in America ; yet about one hundred and fifty species are known. They may be studied to advantage by placing the larvae in a wire cage in their na- tive stream, the cage extending above the water, so that the insect may emerge, but not escai)e. The most prominent family is Phryganeidip, which contains the species of largest size. Con- sult Mcl.achlan. Monofiraph of the Trichoptcra (London, 1874-80), the authority for European forms. A list of species and key for genera, by N. Banks, may be found in Transactions of the American Entomological Society (Philadelphia, 1892) ; also a paper by Xeedham and lictten in the .Vcic York State Museum Bulletin o. .}7 (Albany, 1002). CADDO, kiid'dd. An important Indian con- federacy, from which the Caddoan stock derives its name, formerly holiling the territory from the middle Red River in Louisiana westward nearly to the Brazos River in Texas. The name by which the tribes call themselves is Ilasinai, whence the French Asinais and Cenis. Caddo being the abbreviated form of the name of their principal trilw. There are about a dozen sub-