Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/861

* BYZANTINE EMPIKE. 759 BYZANTIUM. Heiucuan Dynasty, 610-717 Heraclius I., 610-641. Heruolius <.'onstnntinus» 641. Heracleonas, 641. Con8tantinu6 (ConstansII.). 641-66S. Constantine IV. orV.,Fo^o- DH t us, 668-688. Justiuian II.. 685-695. Syrian (iBAtjBUN) Dynasty, 717-S20 LeoIII.,theI.«aurian."lT-741. Irene. 797-«i02. Constantine V., or VI., Cop- ronvmus. 741-77.5. Leo IV.. the Chaza, 775-780. Couatantine VI. or VII., 780- 797. AHOiUAN Dynasty, 820-867 Michael II., the Stammerer, Theojihiluo. 829-842. 820-829. Michael III., the Drunkard, S42-SG7. Basili-an or Armenian (Macedonian) Dynasty, 867-1057 Leontius, 695-697. Tiberius .ipsimams. 697-705. Ju^tiniau II. (restored), 705- 711. PhilippicusBardaiies,711-713. Art*?!!! i us . uastaslus. 713-716. Tbeodosius III.. 716-717. Xicepliorus I., 802-811. Stauracius. 811. Michael LMbaaga be. 811-813. Leo V..the Armenian,81S-820. Basil I., the Macedonian, 867- 886 Leo VI.. the Wise. 886-912. Con.^tantine VH.. or VIII.. Porjthyrtf^nitas, 912-959. Alexamler. associate Emper- or. 913-913. Rouiauusl.. Lecapenas, 919- 944. (.ssociate Emperor together with his three sons. Christopher, Stephen and Constantine.) Romanus II., 959-963. Basil 11., BulgaroctoB us, 963- 1025. Kicephorus II. Phocas. 963- 969, associated with Basil U. John I., Ziniisces. 969-976, as- soiiat<il with llasil II. ■Constantine Vni.orIX.,1025- 102s. Uonianus III.,,4r^rrus, 1028- 1U34. Michael FV.. the Faphlago- nia!i. 1U34-1041. Michael v.. lim-1042. Coustantiueix. orS., J/ona- niarbtis, 1042-10.55. (Reigns with his wife Zoe.) Theodora. 1055-10.56. Michael VI., i,'trarioljcus,1056 -1057. Isaac I., ComnenuR. 1057-1 059. ConstantineX. orXL.Ducas, 1059-1067. Eudocia (i!i the name of her sons. .Michael TTI., Andron- icus and CO!!StaDtine. and with her second husband, Konia!ins IV.). 1067-lOn. Michael VII. (see above), 1071 -107S. Nicephorus UI., Botaniates, 1078-1081. Comnenlan Dynasty, 1081-1185 Comneuus, 1081- Aleiius II. Comnenue, 1180- 118;i. Andronicue 1.. Comnenns, 1 183-1185. Alexius I m». John II., or Calojohannes, Comnenos. 1118-1143. Manuel I., Comnenus, 1143- U80. The ANGELliS DrSABTY, 1185-1204 Isaac n., Angelas., 1185-1195. Isaac II. (restored) 11203. Alexius III., Angelus, 1195- Alexius n., AngelusJ 1204. 1203. Alexius v., Ducas, 1204. 1,ati.s Emperors of the East, 120H261 Robert. 1221-1228. John of Brienne. 1229-1237. Baldwin II., 1237-1261. Baldwin I.. 1204-1206. Henry of Flanders. 1206-1216. PeterofCourtena.T, 1216-1219. Tolande, 1219-1221. Nn:SAX Ehpebobs, 1206-1260 Theodore I. .Lascaris.1206-22. Theodore II., Ducas. 1254-68. John III., Iiucas. 1222-54. John IV.. Ducas. 1258-60. The Empire Uestobed: The Paleologi, 1261-1453 Michael Vm., Paleologus, 12r.l-82. Andrnnicus II., PaleolognS} 1282-1328. Andri)iiicii8 III., Paleologus, ' 1328-11. i John v., PalculoBUS, 1341-91 BYZANTINES. In niiraisraatics, the term spplicil to coins of the Byzantine Empire. By- zantine coins are of gold, silver, and bronze; bear impressions distinct from those of the (John VT., Cantacuzenus, Co-emperor, 1341-54). Manuel II., 1391-1425 (John VU., Co-emperor, 1398-1402). John VIII.. 1425-48. Condtautiue XI., 1448-53. earlier Roman coins; and were copied in several countries where the Byzantine standard was adopted. The commercial relations of the East- ern Empire served to distrihute its coinage over almost all the then known world. It was cur- rent in India, as well as in the north of Europe. Consult Saulcy, Ksxai de classification dc suites monetaircs byzantines (Metz, 1830), and see Bes.xts. BYZANTIUM, bi-zan'shi-um (Gk. BvCnv- Twi tiyzantiun) . A city which stood on the Thracian Bosporus, at the east end of the Pro- pontis. It was founded about R.c. GOO, by Dorian colonists, probably from Megara, and rapidly rose in imiiortance as a seat of com- merce. Its position was at once secure and en- chanting; it commanded the .shores of Europe and -sia. and had magnificent facilities for trade. .fter a time of subjugation under Darius Hystaspis, Byzantium was occupied by the Spartan general Pausanias. Later the city joined the Delian League, and its importance is show7i by its large contributions. At the time of the Samian revolt (B.C. 440), Byzan- tium seems to have tried to withdraw, but reappears in the tribute lists two years later, and remained loyal to -thens until B.C. 411, when it joined Sparta. Retaken by .leibi- ades (B.C. 409), it was again captured by Ly- sander after the battle of .^^gospotami. Spar- tan tvranny led to a change of feeling, and about B.C. 390 Thrasybulus, the -thenian, re- established the democracy, and before B.C. 378 Byzantium concluded a treaty of alliance with Athens. This friendship was of short duration, and finally, in B.C. 357, Byzantium leagued itself with Chios. Rhodes, and King ilausolus II. of Caria, in the Social War. In B.C. 341-40 Philip of Macedon advanced against the city, and, imder the influence of Demosthenes, the citizens once more joined Athens. Lender -Alexander the Great and his successors, Byzantium retained its independence, but for some years after B.C. 278 was subject to a heaw tribute imposed by the Celts. The duties imposed to meet this burden led to a war with Rhodes, in which the city was supported by Attalus I. of Pergamiun. During the Roman wars Byzantium seems to have supported Rome, and, as a result, in spite of some suffering in the Mithridatic wars, en- joyed considerable prosperit_^'. In the civil war between Septiraius Severus and Pescennius Niger, Byzantium sided with the latter. It was, therefore, besieged by Sevenis, and, after a brave defense of three years' duration, was cap- tured in A.n. 196 and reduced to ruins. Severus, repenting the desolation which he had made, re- built a part of the city, ornamented it with baths, porticoes, etc., and restored to the in- habitants their ancient privileges. In a.d. 330, after the defeat of Licinius, Constantine made the city the capital of the Roman Empire, under the name of Constantinople (q.v.).