Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/847

* BYLES. 747 BYNNEK. he was suffered to remain in his own house, "guarded, regarded, and disregarded," as he said, and lived in Boston till his death (July 5, 1788), bequeathing his Royalist sympathies to his daugh- ters. His son, Mather (1730-1814), also a cler- gyman, became an Episcopalian in 1708, and on the founding of Saint John. Xew Brunswick, by the Tories, who had been expelled from Boston, became tluir rector till his death (18141. BYLIITA, bl-le'na (Kuss., the past, from tiiti, Skt. i</iii, to be, as it is historical in char- acter). The epic songs of Russia, covering a pe- riod from mythological to comparatively modern limes. Their heroes, hogalijri (paladins), are either mythical, types of the forces of nature, or historical personages. The foniier, the so-called 'elder paladins,' occupy a small part of the epic songs, the bulk of them dealing with the latter, or "younger paladins.' In the cycle of 'younger paladins,' aside from the minor portion dealing with the later SIoscow period, two main earlier sub-divisions are distinguished: one clustering around the' Southern capital. Kiev, and its Prince Vladimir, the other around the free city of Novgorod. The central figure in the Kiev period is Ilya Muromets (q.v. ). The bi/Iinas have been <ollected from bards in the northern part of Rus- sia and in Siberia, particularly in the govern- ments of Olonetz. Arkhangelsk, and Tomsk. Con- sult: Rambaud. La Iiussie cpique (Paris, 1876) ; esselofsky, "Beitrage zur Erklilrung des russ- ischen Heldenepos." Archh- fiir slavische- Philo- logic. Vol. III. (Berlin, 1879) ; Epic Honqs of JtiiKiia, translated bv Isabel Hapsood (New York, 1880). BYLLYNGE, bll'ling. Edwabd ( ? -1687). An English Colonial proprietor. With .John Fenwicke, he purcliased in Xew Jersey an ex- pensive tract of land, including that part of the province north of an imaginary line dra«Ti from Burlington to Barnegat. A quarrel regard- ing the division of the land having somehow arisen between these Quaker associates, William Penn, as arbiter, adjudged nine-tenths of the total property to be Byllynge's. Byllynge, how- ever, soon made an assignment in favor of his creditors, and his holding, long styled the 'Byl- lynge tenths,' was disposed of to two organiza- tions of the Society of Friends. In 1677 he was elected Governor of West Jersey Province. BYNG, bing, George, Viscount Torrington (1063-1733). A British admiral, bom at Wrotham, Kent, January 27, 1663. He entered the na-y at the age of 15, and was rapidly pro- moted. In 1688 he gained the favor of the Prince of Orange by activity and zeal in his fause, and received the rank of captain. In 1703 he was made Rear-admiral of the Red. The at- tack on Gibraltar was confined to his command, and for gallant conduct at Malaga he was knighted by Queen Anne. In 1700 he was elected to Parliament, and represented Plymouth until 1721. In 1708 he became Admiral of the Blue, and commanded a squadron fitted out to oppose the Pretender's intended invasion of Scot- land from France. He pursued the French fleet to the Firth of Forth, took one ship, and forced the fleet back to Dunkirk, on which occasion he was presented with the freedom of Edinburgh. On the breaking out of the Rebellion of 1715, he was appointed commander of a squadron in the Downs, and for important services against Tou III— 18. the French, was created a baronet. In 1718 he commanded the English fleet sent to Sicily for the protection of the neutrality of lUily, and gained a striking victory over the Spanish fleet olT ^Messina. Soon after he was appointed treas- urer of the navy and rear-admiral of Great Brit- ain. In January, 1721, he became a privy councilor, and in September following was cre- ated Baron Southill and Viscount Torrington. On the revival of the Order of the Bath, in 1725, he was installed one of the knights, and on the accession of George II. was nominated first Lord of the Admiralty. He held this office till his death, January 17, 1733. BYNG, JoH.x (1704-57). A brave but ill- fated British admiral, fourth son of Admiral George B_^Tig, 'iscount Torrington. He entered the navy early, served under his father in 1727, became captain, and by 174S attained the rank of Admiral of the Red. In 1756 he was promoted Admiral of the Blue, and appointed to command a hastily equipped squadron of ten ships, sent to the relief of Jlinorca, at that time blockaded by a French fleet under La Galissonni^re. Ou the 20th of Jlay Byng gave the signal to en- gage, which was ol)eyed by Rear-Admiral West, but Byng, through ill manoeuvring, failed to sup- port him, and the French, acting on the defensive, remained victors. Byng did not consider him- self justified in making other elTorts, and left Minorca to its fate. The dissatisfaction in Eng- land, when the news arrived, was taken advan- tage of by the Ministry to divert public odium from their inefficient measures. Byng was tried by court-martial and condenmed to death, for a breach of the Twelfth Article of War, but recom- mended to mercy. Sacrificed to the general in- dignation, he was shot on board the ilonarch, at Portsmouth starch 14, 1757, meeting his fate with lirmness and resignation. BYNKEESHOEK, bin'kers-hook, Cobxelius VAN (1673-1743). A Dutch jurist, born at ilid- dleburg, in Zealand, ilay 29, 1073. He studied at the University of Franeker, took the degree of doctor in 1094, and immediately after commenced to practice as an advocate at The Hague. In 1703 he was elected by the States-General a member of the supreme council of Holland, Zea- land, and West Friesland, and, in the exercise of his functions, soon had occasion to observe how defective was the common law of the country. With a view to remedy this, he published various works on the civil law, the most important of v.hich was the Observatioites Juris Ilomani. In 1724 he was elevated to the dignity of president of the supreme council. His works on interna- tional law acquired wide celebrity. The most famous arc Dr Uominio Maris (1703) and Quces- tiones Juris Puhlici (1737). In addition to these, he made a digest, under the title of Corpus Juris Uollandici ct Zelaiidici, of all the laws of his own country. He died April 10, 1743. A com- plete edition of his works was published at Geneva in 1701. BYN'NER, Edwin Lassiteb (1842-93). An -American novelis't and librarian of the Boston Law Library. His best stories are three his- torical tales: Agnes Surriage (1886), The Be- gum's Daughter, and Zachar;/ I'hips. Of minor significance are Tritons (1878) and Penelope's Suitors (1887). The Chase of the Meteor is a juvenile. Numerous other works are negligible.